棉花混选-混交育种体系遗传改良效应研究——Ⅰ.主要育种目标性状的响应

研究了陆地棉主要性状对混选—混交育种体系的响应。两轮群体提高了产量、早熟性和降低了麦克隆值的平均数;扩大了纤维品质的变幅;增加了高产株率,但对改进抗枯黄萎病性不明显。一轮群体的效果低于二轮。两次混交扩大了产量和纤维品质的变幅,增加了正末端的个体频率。一次混交的作用不及两次。早代混选相对缩小了群体变幅。一次混交后再经两代开放授粉和对一轮群体再混选,均表现出有益的反响。     

Dynamics of Bt cotton Cry1Ac protein content under an alternating high temperature regime and effects on nitrogen metabolism

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of alternating high temperature on Cry1Ac protein content on Bt cotton cultivars Sikang 1(SK-1,a conventional cultivar)and Sikang 3(SK-3,a hybrid cultivar).In 2011 and 2012,cotton plants were subjected to high temperature treatments ranging from 32 to 40℃ in climate chambers to investigate the effects of high temperature on boll shell insecticidal protein expression.The experiments showed that significant decline of the boll shell insecticidal protein was detected at temperatures higher than 38℃ after 24 h.Based on the results,the cotton plants were treated with the threshold temperature of 38℃ from 6:00 a.m.to 6:00 p.m.followed by a normal temperature of 27℃ during the remaining night hours(DH/NN)in 2012 and 2013.These treatments were conducted at peak boll growth stage for both cultivars in study periods of 0,4,7,and 10 d.Temperature treatment of 32℃ from 6:00 a.m.to 6:00 p.m.and 27℃ in the remaining hours was set as control.The results showed that,compared with the control,after the DH/NN stress treatment applied for 7 d,the boll shell Cry1Ac protein content level was significantly decreased by 19.1 and 17.5% for SK-1 and by 15.3 and 13.7% for SK-3 in 2012 and 2013,respectively.Further analysis of nitrogen metabolic physiology under DH/NN showed that the soluble protein content and the glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT)activities decreased slightly after 4 d,and then decreased sharply after 7 d.The free amino acid content and the protease content increased sharply after 7 d.The changes in SK-1 were greater than those in SK-3.These results suggest that under DH/NN stress,boll shell Cry1Ac protein content decline was delayed.Reduced protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in the boll shell decreased protein content,including Bt protein,which may reduce resistance to the cotton bollworm.     

Variation of pathotypes and races and their correlations with clonal lineages in Verticillium dahliae

Understanding pathogenic variation in plant pathogen populations is key for the development and use of host resistance for managing verticillium wilt diseases. A highly virulent defoliating (D) pathotype in Verticillium dahliae has previously been shown to occur only in one clonal lineage (lineage 1A). By contrast, no clear association has yet been shown for race 1 with clonal lineages. Race 1 carries the effector gene Ave1 and is avirulent on hosts that carry resistance gene Ve1 or its homologues. The hypothesis tested was that race 1 arose once in a single clonal lineage, which might be expected if V. dahliae acquired Ave1 by horizontal gene transfer from plants, as hypothesized previously. In a diverse sample of 195 V. dahliae isolates from nine clonal lineages, all race 1 isolates were present only in lineage 2A. Conversely, all lineage 2A isolates displayed the race 1 phenotype. Moreover, 900‐bp nucleotide sequences from Ave1 were identical among 27 lineage 2A isolates and identical to sequences from other V. dahliae race 1 isolates in GenBank. The finding of race 1 in a single clonal lineage, with identical Ave1 sequences, is consistent with the hypothesis that race 1 arose once in V. dahliae. Molecular markers and virulence assays also confirmed the well‐established finding that the D pathotype is found only in lineage 1A. Pathogenicity assays indicated that cotton and olive isolates of the D pathotype (lineage 1A) were highly virulent on cotton and olive, but had low virulence on tomato.     

滴灌棉花水肥耦合效应的田间试验研究

对滴灌条件下夏棉水肥耦合效应进行了田间试验,结果表明,根据夏棉不同生育阶段的需水特征和土壤水分状况可分别采用滴灌和畦灌方式,比常规棉田畦灌节水２３．３％～２８．７％,对于中等肥力的棉田,在每ｈｍ＾２施纯氮３００ｋｇ的范围内,随施肥量增加皮棉产量呈增加的趋势,在每ｈｍ＾２施纯氮１５０～２２５ｋｇ区间内,其产量增加较快。     

云南陆稻品种抗瘟性鉴定及其与抗旱性的相关分析

为了明确陆稻在不同逆境胁迫下的抗性表现,利用云南省4个稻瘟病菌优势小种对30个云南陆稻品种进行抗稻瘟病鉴定,并对其进行抗旱性评价及SSR多样性分析。结果表明:抗病能力中等以上品种占所检测品种的60%,抗旱能力中等以上品种占所有供试品种的66.7%,平均有效等位基因数为1.097 5、Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)平均为0.077 8;相关分析结果显示,供试品种的抗瘟性与抗旱性间存在显著的相关关系。本研究结果表明,供试品种间存在丰富的遗传多样性变异,且在面临不同逆境胁迫时具有相近的抗性表现,使得育种过程中培育兼具较好抗瘟、抗旱能力的栽培稻新品种成为可能。     

塔里木灌区冬灌对盐分运移的影响

本文通过研究冬灌对塔里木灌区盐分运移的影响,得出随着冬灌定额的增加,土壤的PH值、总盐及盐分组成等变化趋势不同的结果。结合本地区的地下水位、棉花苗期的耐盐性等因素,得出适合本地区的冬灌定额为3500m3/hm2。     

不同密度下棉花果枝、叶枝特征及产量的研究

[目的]探讨棉花果枝和叶枝的干物质积累、养分积累、成铃特征以及对产量的影响.[方法]通过设置田间密度试验小区,进行田间调查,并对样品进行室内测定.[结果]密度能明显影响植株形态,低密度A1处理的叶枝数为4台左右,明显高于高密度处理;果枝成铃数也相对较多,与最少的A5处理相差4个棉铃.单株干物质积累差异显著,尤其是叶枝,A1与A5处理相差多达70 g/株.氮、磷、钾养分含量上,趋势基本一致,但果枝叶钾素含量高于叶枝叶.棉铃空间分布,内围铃占主导,其他成分所占比例随密度的增大而减小,而上、中、下各部分比例随密度变化各异,产量按密度顺序先增大后减小.[结论]低密度处理的叶枝干物质积累高,是产量形成的重要组成部分,而养分积累各密度差异不大,产量形成主要依靠内围铃,皮棉产量最高为A3处理3 247.4 kg/hm2.