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741.
红壤坡地雨水产流及其土壤流失的垫面反应 总被引:15,自引:7,他引:15
通过4年(1998~2001年)径流场定位观测研究,探明了不同植被垫面雨水产流过程中系统水土流失有显著性差异。水流失量为农作区>常绿灌木区、针叶林区>常绿果园区>退化区、恢复区。坡地不同垫面间雨水地表径流的差异存在,为坡地雨水利用和利用坡地集雨支持农田灌溉提供了依据和可调控性。土壤流失量受人为干预、耕作强度的影响很大,坡地从自然保护到作物栽培,系统的土壤流失量提高20倍。茶果林地的土壤流失低于作物耕种的2~3倍,而高于自然利用和自然保护的6~12倍。养分流失在数量和质量上皆取决于垫面构成。提出了利用坡地集雨优势,构建与单元生态系统水循环平衡相适应的坡地农林复合生态系统,并通过水平衡生态建设来维系生态系统的水分平衡。 相似文献
742.
David L. Achat Mark R. Bakker Sylvain Pellerin Christian Morel 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(9):1479-1490
In forest soils where a large fraction of total phosphorus (P) is in organic forms, soil micro-organisms play a major role in the P cycle and plant availability since they mediate organic P transformations. However, the correct assessment of organic P mineralization is usually a challenging task because mineralized P is rapidly sorbed and most mineralization fluxes are very weak. The objectives of the present work were to quantify in five forest Spodosols at soil depths of 0-15 cm net mineralization of total organic P and the resulting increase in plant available inorganic P and to verify whether net or gross P mineralization could be estimated using the C or N mineralization rates. Net mineralization of total organic P was derived from the net changes in microbial P and gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. We studied very low P-sorbing soils enabling us to use lower extractants to assess the change in total inorganic P as a result of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. In addition, to enable detection of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter, a long-term incubation (517 days) experiment was carried out. At the beginning of the experiment, total P contents of the soils were very low (19-51 μg g−1) and were essentially present as organic P (17-44 μg g−1, 85-91%) or microbial P (6-14 μg g−1; 24-39%). Conversely, the initial contents of inorganic P were low (2-7 μg g−1; 9-15%). The net changes in the pool size of microbial P during the 517 days of incubation (4-8 μg g−1) and the amounts of P resulting from gross mineralization of dead soil organic matter (0.001-0.018 μg g−1 day−1; 0.4-9.5 μg g−1 for the entire incubation period) were considerable compared to the initial amounts of organic P and also when compared to the initial diffusive iP fraction (<0.3 μg g−1). Diffusive iP corresponds to the phosphate ions that can be transferred from the solid constituents to the soil solution under a gradient of concentration. Net mineralization of organic P induced an important increase in iP in soil solution (0.6-10 μg g−1; 600-5000% increase) and lower increases in diffusive iP fractions (0.3-5 μg g−1; 300-2000% increase), soil solid constituents having an extremely low reactivity relative to iP. Therefore, soil micro-organisms and organic P transformations play a major role in the bioavailability of P in these forest soils. In our study, the dead soil organic matter was defined as a recalcitrant organic fraction. Probably because gross mineralization of P from this recalcitrant organic fraction was mainly driven by the micro-organisms’ needs for energy, the rates of gross mineralization of C, N and P in the recalcitrant organic fraction were similar. Indirect estimation of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter using the gross C mineralization rate seems thus an alternative method for the studied soils. However, additional studies are needed to verify this alternative method in other soils. No relationships were found between microbial P release and microbial C and N releases. 相似文献
743.
744.
为研究北京地区冷季型草坪合理的施肥制度,了解尿素施用对混播草坪土壤中各形态氮的影响.通过土壤渗滤水采集装置试验,研究尿素施用对草地早熟禾和高羊茅的混播草坪的生长情况和对土壤中各形态氮素含量的影响.试验中尿素施用分为低氮(年施氮量为10 g/m2,相当于尿素25 g/m2)、中氮(年施氮量为25 g/m2,相当于尿素62.5 g/m2)、高氮(年施氮量为40 g/m2,相当于尿素100 g/mE)3个施肥水平.各处理中的尿素分别在春季和秋季平均施用.试验中最佳施肥量是:年施尿素62.5 g/m2(相当于氮量为25 g/m2),在该水平下,草坪草能迅速吸收氮素,促进草坪植物生长;试验得出,施用尿素的水平与实验后土壤中全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和碱解氮含量并不呈正相关. 相似文献
745.
东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤有机质含量及其与主要养分的关系 总被引:10,自引:4,他引:10
对东祁连山金强河河谷轻度、中度、重度退化高寒草甸土壤有机质含量变化及其与土壤全磷、全氮、速效磷、速效氮含量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:随着退化程度的加重,020 cm层土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷含量均不断下降,全磷含量呈现出先降后升但总体呈下降的趋势,但速效氮含量则不断上升,各养分的变化差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。在划分的轻度退化草地土壤中,有机质含量分别与全磷、全氮、速效磷、速效氮含量之间均不存在显著的相关关系(P>0.05),另外所划分的中度退化和重度退化草地也同样如此。但是通过把3个不同程度退化草地结合起来作为整体进行综合分析,结果表明,除了全磷,土壤有机质含量分别与全氮、速效氮、速效磷含量三者之间存在极显著的相关关系(P<0.01)。在较大尺度上,有机质可以作为土壤营养状况的主要判断指标。在研究高寒草地土壤养分状况及其综合评价中,要特别注意其时空异质性,要重视尺度问题。 相似文献
746.
集雨栽培冬小麦田土壤水分和矿质氮 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在半湿润易旱地区的关中红油土上,研究了垄上覆膜集雨栽培措施对冬小麦(Triticumaestivum)田土壤水分和矿质氮的影响。结果表明覆膜有一定的蓄水保墒效果,冬小麦返青期,0~40cm土壤贮水量覆膜处理比不覆膜处理平均多7.7mm;覆膜能使冬小麦在生长后期更有效地利用土壤深层贮水,在小麦成熟期,100~200cm土壤贮水量覆膜处理比未覆膜处理少23.8mm。覆膜有利于作物对氮肥的吸收利用,氮肥用量相同的处理,覆膜条件下的硝态氮浓度和矿质氮累积量低于不覆膜处理;施氮也可以明显增加土壤剖面中的硝态氮含量和矿质氮累积量。 相似文献
747.
通过对热带不同母质香蕉园土壤理化性状的分析,结果表明:①玄武岩母质发育的香蕉园土壤全钾含量比冲积土的低88.2%,有机质、全氮和全磷含量比冲积土的分别高86.1%,42.1 %和153.7%。②玄武岩发育的香蕉园土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量比冲积土的分别高124.5%和48.0%,速效磷减少32.1%。③玄武岩发育形成的土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性比冲积土的分别高20.3%、121.0%、122.2%和11.9%。④热带香蕉园土壤速效磷和速效钾含量出现明显富集现象,玄武岩和冲积土发育形成的香蕉园土壤速效磷分别比对照土壤提高了1124%和602.9%;土壤速效钾含量分别比对照的提高了502.9%和255.8%。 相似文献
748.
以花粉为研究材料,通过比较湿热灭菌,微波处理,^60Co辐照灭菌、乙醇灭菌,紫外线灭菌对细菌数目、Vc保存率的影响。比较不同杀菌方式对花粉的影响结果表明:微波灭菌、^60Co辐照灭菌灭菌效果较好;从Vc保存率来看,乙醇灭菌、紫外线灭菌效果较好。研究了紫外线灭菌工艺,结果表明杀菌时间为3h,紫外灯功率为32w.照射距离为30cm较合适。 相似文献
749.
750.
Residual tillage and bush-fallow effects on soil properties and maize intercropped with legumes on a tropical Alfisol 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract. After six years of bush‐fallow, residual effects on soil productivity of tillage practices prior to the fallow were investigated on an Alfisol in south western Nigeria. In 1996 fallow was followed by maize intercropped with cover crops of Pueraria phaseoloides, Mucuna pruriens or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and no intercrop. Parameters measured included soil properties, ground cover, crop growth and yield, rainfall erosivity, runoff and soil loss. In spite of six‐years of bush‐fallow and establishment of cover crops, soil erosion was significantly greater on plots that had been conventionally cultivated previously using disc ploughs, harrows and mechanical rotovators (1.78 t ha?1season?1) compared to previously no‐till plots (1.34 t ha?1season?1). Crop growth and yields were least and soil loss greatest (2.83 t ha?1season?1) on the previous bare plot. Maize grain yield was highest using Pueraria phaseoloides as an intercrop (2.15 t ha?1) followed by a cowpea intercrop (1.92 t ha?1), maize without intercrop (1.87 t ha?1) and Mucuna pruriens intercrop (1.71 t ha?1). The maize grain yields reflected levels of competition from the cover crops. Cowpea–maize intercrop may be most suitable for farmers because maize yields were satisfactory and cowpea grain serves as additional subsistence. Cowpea yields were 390 kg ha?1. Soil erosion was also moderate using cowpea as an intercrop (1.71 t ha?1season?1). However, Pueraria phaseoloides gave the best erosion control with a soil loss of 1.34 t ha?1season?1. 相似文献