耕作、残茬及施肥管理对土壤有机质动态变化影响的情景分析

Based on data from 10-year field experiments on residue/fertilizer management in the dryland farming region of northern China, Century model was used to simulate the site-specific ecosystem dynamics through adjustment of the model＇s parameters, and the applicability of the model to propose soil organic carbon （SOC） management temporally and spatially, in cases such as of tillage/residue/fertilization management options, was identified v/a scenario analysis.Results between simulations and actual measurements were in close agreement when appropriate applications of stover,manure and inorganic fertilizer were combined. Simulations of extreme C/N ratios with added organic materials tended to underestimate the measured effects. Scenarios of changed tillage methods, residue practices and fertilization options showed potential to maintain and enhance SOC in the long run, while increasing inorganic N slowed down the SOC turnover rate but did not create a net C sink without any organic C input. The Century model simulation showed a good relationship between annual C inputs to the soil and the rate of C sequestration in the top 20 cm layer and provided quantitative estimations of changes in parameters crucial for sustainable land use and management. Conservation tillage practices for sustainable land use should be integrated with residue management and appreciable organic and inorganic fertilizer application, adapted according to the local residue resource, soil fertility and production conditions. At least 50% residue return into the soil was needed annually for maintenance of SOC balance, and manure amendment was important for enhancement of SOC in small crop-livestock systems in which crop residue land application was limited.     

低分子量有机酸对促进可变电荷土壤中铝溶解的影响

Low-molecular-weight （LMW） organic acids exist widely in soils and play an important role in soil processes such as mineral weathering, nutrient mobilization and A1 detoxification. In this research, a batch experiment was conducted to examine the effects of LMW organic acids on dissolution of aluminum in two variably charged soils, an Ultisol and an Oxisol. The results showed that the LMW organic acids enhanced the dissolution of A1 in the two investigated soils in the following order： citric 〉 oxalic 〉 malonic 〉 malic 〉 tartaric 〉 salicylic 〉 lactic 〉 maleic. This was generally in agreement with the magnitude of the stability constants for the Al-organic complexes. The effects of LMW organic acids on Al dissolution were greater in the Ultisol than in the Oxisol as compared to their controls. Also, the accelerating effects of citric and oxalic acids on dissolution of A1 increased with an increase in pH, while the effects of lactic and salicylic acids decreased. Additionally, when the organic acid concentration was less than 0.2 mmol L-I, the dissolution of A1 changed Iittle with increase in acid concentration. However, when the organic acid concentration was greater than 0.2 mmol L^-1,the dissolution of A1 increased with increase in acid concentration. In addition to the acid first dissociation constant and stability constant of Al-organic complexes, the promoting effects of LMW organic acids on dissolution of A1 were also related to their sorption-desorption equilibrium in the soils.     

中国亚热带稻田土壤碳氮含量及矿化动态

Dynamics of soil organic matter in a cultivation chronosequence of paddy fields were studied in subtropical China. Mineralization of soil organic matter was determined by measuring CO2 evolution from soil during 20 days of laboratory incubation. In the first 30 years of cultivation, soil organic C and N contents increased rapidly. After 30 years, 0-10 cm soil contained 19.6 g kg^-1 organic C and 1.62 g kg^-1 total N, with the corresponding values of 18.1 g kg^-1 and 1.50 g kg^-1 for 10-20 cm, and then remained stable even after 80 years of rice cultivation. During 20 days incubation the mineralization rates of organic C and N in surface soil （0-10 cm） ranged from 2.2% to 3.3% and from 2.8% to 6.7%, respectively, of organic C and total N contents. Biologically active C size generally increased with increasing soil organic C and N contents. Soil dissolved organic C decreased after cultivation of wasteland to 10 years paddy field and then increased. Soil microbial biomass C increased with number of years under cultivation, while soil microbial biomass N increased during the first 30 years of cultivation and then stabilized. After 30 years of cultivation surface soil （0-10 cm） contained 332.8 mg kg^-1 of microbial biomass C and 23.85 mg kg^-1 of microbial biomass N, which were 111% and 47% higher than those in soil cultivated for 3 years. It was suggested that surface soil with 30 years of rice cultivation in subtropical China would have attained a steady state of organic C content, being about 19 g kg^-1.     

液体地膜覆盖对棉花产量与土壤环境的影响

基于棉田可持续发展的思想,研究了液体地膜覆盖对棉花产量与土壤物理性状的影响。结果表明,适量液体地膜(112.5 kg/hm²)覆盖棉花增产显著,平均增产皮棉21.7%。液体地膜覆盖棉田提高土壤温度和含水量,降低土壤容重。表明液体地膜覆盖棉田对土壤环境无不良影响,利用液体地膜覆盖棉田是一项可行的技术。     

中国亚热带红壤旱坡地花生系统尿酸氮素去向

A field experiment was conducted to study the outcome of N using isotope-labeled urea with a peanut cropping system in a Udic Ferrosol on a 7% slope at the Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The micro-plots were designed in two sets with three replicates and four N treatments. An iron frame with its edge 10 cm above the ground was used to control soil erosion and runoff in set A, but in set B the upper edge of the frame was level with the ground. Randomly positioned ^15N fertilized micro-plots were established along the contour. At harvest on August 13, 2002, which was four months after urea application, the peanuts had absorbed 30.6%-38.0% of the urea, transpired 13.1%-22.4% to the atmosphere, lost 6.4%-8.4% through soil erosion and surface runoff, and maintained 40.7%-48.9% in the 0-60 cm soil layer with 0.5%-5.0% below 60 cm.     

红壤水问题及其管理

本文叙述了华中丘陵地区红壤水问题及其有效管理。指出了这一地区虽然年降雨量较多,但由于其分配极不均匀,伏旱秋旱非常严重,成为影响该地区农业生产的主要障碍因子之一。而红壤的贮水库容,特别是贮有效水的库容较低,土壤的有效含水量有限,更促进了伏秋旱的进一步发展。有计划的发展微喷灌溉,进行覆盖以及间或轮种深根植物利用深层贮水,能在相当程度上,提高红壤水资源的利用。     

水土保持优势植物生长的分析研究

在第四纪红粘土水土流失区水土保持坡面绿化实践中。总结出实现生物多样性的植物群落组合系列。主要有刺槐-胡枝子-百喜草系列;柏木-紫穗槐-长叶画眉草系列;木荷-胡枝子-假俭草系列;樟-多花木兰-百喜草系列;枫香-胡枝子-百喜草系列等。生物多样性群体的建立有利于增大环境容量,抑制植物虫害发生和缓解植物的早衰现象发生。利用优选植物种实现土壤流失坡面绿化,必须采用正确的实施方法,而公顷施750～1125kg钙镁磷肥是不可缺少的。     

做好水利水保工作加速安徽山区的治理开发

介绍了安徽省山区水利水保工作概况,总结了水土保持工作取得的成效,分析了存在的问题,提出了加强水土保持工作与山区治理开发的建议。     

植被盖度对水土保持功效影响的研究综述

就近年来国内有关植被盖度对降雨能量、降雨截留、土壤入渗、初损降雨量、径流量以及泥沙量的影响做了综述;分析了理研究中不足之处,并就今后研究中应注意的问题提出了作者的观点和看法。     

红壤交换性碱和交换性酸的研究Ⅰ.与中性盐(Na2SO4, NaClO4和KClO4)的关系

用自动控制pH的装置定量研究了两种红壤类土壤胶体在三种中性盐溶液中的交换性碱和交换性酸的变化.发现在Na2SO4溶液中在pH低时出现交换性碱,pH高时出现交换性酸.砖红壤胶体的交换性碱比红壤胶体的大,并且在pH5.6附近还出现不受Na2SO4浓度影响的交换中性点.NaClO4和KClO4溶液中,在测定pH范围内只出现交换性酸,红壤胶体的数量比砖红壤胶体的大.同一土壤胶体在KClO4中的数量比NaClO4中的多.二者都有一峰值,对于砖红壤胶体前者在pH4.3,后者在pH5.8.提出了测定SO2-4-交换性碱的方法.