水稻节水保护性耕作栽培的技术效果

 研究了水稻田节水保护性耕作栽培技术体系,即采用留茬带状分层旋耕、苗带全层施肥、免除水整地、润田后插秧为技术主体的水稻保护性耕作节水栽培技术的效果。结果显示该技术可以降低稻田土壤的容重,提高稻田土壤的孔隙度和氧化还原电位;由于实施了集中施肥,苗带土壤耕层速效氮、磷、钾含量也得到提高。稻田土壤理化性状的改善,促使水稻根系生长发育良好,从而使地上部表现出生长优势,提高水稻产量。从产量构成因素看,单位面积穗数和千粒重的提高最明显和普遍。     

林地针叶化对土壤微生物特征影响研究

通过野外调查和典型剖面试验分析,对比研究了不同人工林地土壤微生物分布特征,揭示了人工阔叶林地、混交林地和针叶林地土壤剖面微生物区系的分布规律,以及林地大面积针叶化对生物多样性的影响,提出了生态恢复和重建的途径与措施。     

转Bt基因作物毒蛋白对根际土壤生态系统影响研究进展

随着商业化转Bt基因作物的大规模种植,研究Bt毒蛋白对土壤生态系统的可能影响,对评价转基因作物的生态风险具有重大意义。文章综述了转Bt基因作物对根际土壤生态系统影响的研究进展,包括毒蛋白在根际土壤中的存活特性,微生物利用与降解,以及毒蛋白对根际土壤微生物区系和酶活性的影响。并对以后的研究提出几点建议。     

黑土区组合施肥技术对土壤氮磷的影响

定位试验研究有机肥、生物肥和化肥组合施肥技术对土壤N、P养分元素的影响结果表明,组合施肥较单施化肥土壤全N增加0.05g/kg,速效氮(除Ⅱ处理)增加6.6～44.6mg/kg,土壤全P增加0.15～0.29g/kg,速效磷增加15.68～51.07mg/kg。组合施肥较单施化肥土壤N素增量全N增加0.2～0.25g/kg,速效氮增加11.6～39.4 mg/kg,全P增加0.09～0.24g/kg,速效磷增加23.59～57.82mg/kg。组合施肥较单施化肥净收入高19.4％～37.3％。     

坑状浅沟侵蚀研究

坑状浅沟作为浅沟与切沟的中间过程,深入理解它对于进一步认识切沟侵蚀规律具有十分重要的意义,但是还没有见到相关的研究报道。以内蒙古高原的一个小流域为例。利用高精度的全球定位系统（GPS）测量坑状浅沟侵蚀的形态参数,探讨了坑状浅沟的相关特征,分析了坑状浅沟的坡度（S）和上有集水区面积（A）的关系（S—A）、侵蚀体积（V）和长度（L）的关系（V-L）,以期能推动坑状浅沟侵蚀的研究。     

Performance of simple irrigation scheduling calendars based on average weather data for annual ryegrass

Poor irrigation management in pastures can lead to yield and quality reduction as well as loss of income through extra pumping and leaching of nitrate fertiliser. A number of irrigation scheduling techniques of varying levels of sophistication have been developed over the years to address limited irrigation water availability and maximise productivity. Despite this, the adoption of irrigation scheduling tools by farmers remains low. The objective of this study was to assess the use of simple irrigation scheduling calendars based on average weather data to improve irrigation management in ryegrass. The calibrated Soil Water Balance (SWB) model was used to generate simple irrigation calendars and assess effectiveness for different scenarios by mechanistically simulating water dynamics and pasture growth. Scheduling irrigation using the calendars gave similar irrigation applications, water losses and yields compared to a more scientific real-time scheduling (in response to soil water depletion by the crop). While site-specific irrigation scheduling calendars can easily be generated by consultants and irrigators, even simpler monthly estimates of average daily water use can also be useful. Application of calendars by farmers is encouraged to improve water and nutrient use efficiency of irrigated pastures, if real-time irrigation scheduling is not employed.     

Effects of liming on yield,forage cation composition,and tetany potential of wheat in Kansas

Abstract

We studied the effects of liming on dry matter production, nutrient composition, and grain yields of wheat in field experiments conducted on two soil types at three locations during the 1976–77 and 1977–78 growing seasons. Lime sources were commercial agricultural lime, finely divided stack dust, and dolomitic limestone (which contained 10.6% Mg). Lime applied at 2,800 kg/ha in the 1976–77 and 10,750 kg/ha in the 1977–78 experiments provided Mg from the dolomite at rates of 300 and 1,140 kg/ha, respectively.

Soil pH was significantly increased by liming, but Mg saturation percentages were significantly greater only at the 1,140 kg/ha rate. Forage dry matter and grain yields were not increased by lime applied at the lower rate, but significant increases were found in dry‐matter production in the late fall and spring samplings of the 1977–78 experiment. Those increases in plant growth and dry matter production were probably due to reductions in the soluble Mn and Al concentrations in the soil. Forage N and P concentrations were generally not influenced by liming. Potassium concentrations in forage from the limed plots were usually equal to or greater than those in forage from unlimed plots. Calcitic limestone sources generally increased forage Ca concentrations, but liming with dolomite more often than not depressed Ca concentrations below levels found in the check plots. Dolomite, when applied at the 1,140 kg/ha rate, effectively increased the forage Mg concentration, although the concentration exceeded 0.2% only during the early growth stages. Liming generally showed no significant reduction in the tetany potential of the wheat forage as predicted by the equivalent ratio K/(Ca + Mg).     

作物残体培肥土壤的研究进展

作物残体还田是土壤有机培肥的重要措施之一 ,文中从作物残体的还田方式、培肥效果、对作物产量、品质和抗性以及对土壤的养分平衡、理化性质等方面的影响进行了综述。     

建设秀美山川 实现黄河长治久安——写在国务院批准《黄河近期重点治理开发规划》之际

国务院批准的《黄河近期重点治理开发规划》 ,把水土保持生态建设作为黄河治理开发的三大任务之一 ,确立了水土保持工作在治黄中的根本地位 ,明确了今后黄土高原水土保持生态建设方略、工作思路、奋斗目标、防治重点及保证规划实施的措施。规划的实施 ,对于黄河长治久安、加快区域经济社会的发展、促进西部大开发战略的顺利实施 ,具有十分重要的意义