基于WEPP的黄土丘陵区不同坡长条件下坡面土壤侵蚀预测

为了更全面地评价WEPP模型在我国的适用性,该文通过建立模型数据库,利用WEPP分别模拟了坡长为10、20、30和40 m的径流量和土壤侵蚀量,并用实测径流和侵蚀资料进行对比分析。结果表明,在10、20、30和40 m 4个坡长条件下,WEPP模型对降雨、每年和多年平均径流量模拟的Nash-Sutcliffe有效性(ME)分别为0.915、0.879和-0.056,对单场降雨、每年和多年平均土壤侵蚀量模拟的ME分别为0.853、0.758和-0.456,多年平均的ME为负值可能是由小样本计算造成的。WEPP模型对单场降雨和每年径流量和侵蚀量模拟效果较好。尽管WEPP模型对多年平均径流量和土壤侵蚀量模拟效果较差,但模型模拟的多年径流量和土壤侵蚀量与实测值的多年径流量和土壤侵蚀量的最大相对误差分别为7.90%和29.20%,表明WEPP模型对多年径流量和侵蚀量的模拟可满足要求。径流量模拟值随坡长增加的变化和实测值相比不够敏感;而土壤侵蚀量模拟值随坡长增加的变化和实测值相比过于敏感。      

吉林玉米带黑土水分渗透机理研究

通过田间调查和模拟构型试验,探讨了影响吉林省玉米连作黑土水分渗透的原因和机理。结果表明,现行的以小四轮拖拉机为主要动力的耕作制度下,土壤剖面中耕层与犁底层的界面为“波浪形”,每年进行秋翻的玉米田,其耕层与梨底层的界面为“平面形”。通过模拟构型,研究了不同剖面构型的水分特征及对土壤肥力的影响。“平面形”剖面构造改善了土壤的通透性,增加了土壤水分渗透的速率,减少了雨水径流。“波浪形”剖面耕层土壤的耗水量比“平面形”剖面的大,特别是后期,易发生水分亏缺现象。因此,现行的不合理的耕作是导致吉林玉米带黑土肥力退化的主要原因。     

施用碱稳定固体减轻酸性土壤的酸度和铝毒

A pot experiment was catried out to study alleviation of soil acidity and Al toxicity by applying analkaline-stabilised sewage sludge product (biosolids) to an acid clay sandy loam (pH 5.7) and a strongly acidsandy loam (pH 4.5). Barley (Hondeum vulgare L. cv. Forrester) was used as a test crop and was grownin the sewage sludge-amended (33.5 t sludge DM ha^-1) and unamended soils. The results showed that thealka1ine biosloids increased soil pH from 5.7 to 6.9 for the clay sandy loam and from 4.5 to 6.0 for the sandyloam. The sludge product decreased KCl-extractable Al from 0.1 to 0.0 cmol kg^-1 for the former soil and from 4.0 to 0.1 cmol kg^-1 for the latter soil. As a result, barley plants grew much better and grain yield increased greatly in the amended treatments compared with the unamended controls. These observations indicate that alkaline-stabilised biosolids can be used as a liming material for remedying Al phytotoxicity instrongly acid soils by increasing soil pH and lowering Al bioavailability.     

宏观水土保持监测研究及其进展

宏观水土保持监测是水土保持监测两大重要分支之一 ,在水土流失严重威胁区域生态环境的中国具有重要意义。它在监测目的、对象、方法和手段等方面与微观监测都有显著区别。关于宏观水土保持监测的理论问题可以分为关于理论的研究和区域水土保持动态及其环境影响研究 ,而且都体现出其研究尺度的明显影响。目前在我国其研究和实践发展很快 ,多数研究都应用了遥感和 GIS方法 ,但基本理论研究还很缺乏。随着我国水土保持监测网络的建成和地球信息技术的进步 ,宏观水土保持监测研究的地位和作用将继续得到加强     

农业土壤环境综合评价物元模型的建立及其应用

将农业土壤的重金属污染的级别、评价指标及其特征值作为物元 ,得到模型的经典域、节域、权系数及关联度 ,进而建立了农业土壤环境综合模型 ,通过应用实例加以说明 ,并用 Hamming贴近度法、Fuzzy综合评判法、分级贴近度法进行对照 ,取得较好的效果     

南通市沙土区几种水土保持工程技术措施

针对沿海平原沙土区土质沙松、土颗粒间凝聚力小 ,河堤边坡水土流失严重的现象 ,研制、开发了一系列的水土保持工程技术 ,在河堤坡岸保护中发挥了重要作用     

电析土壤微粒悬浮液的维恩(Wien)效应及其影响因子

The electrical conductivity of suspensions and their supernatants from the electrodialyzed clay fractions of latosol, yellow-brown soil and black soil equilibrated with nitrate solutions were determined at different field strengths using a short high-voltage pulse apparatus to demonstrate the Wien effect in soil suspensions and to investigate factors affecting it. It was found that Wien effect was much stronger in suspensions with a clay content of 30 g kg-1 from the soils equilibrated with a 1 × 10-4 KNO3 solution than in their supernatants.The threshold field strength (TFS), at which the relative conductivity is equal to 1.05, i.e., the Wien effect begins to be obvious, of the yellow-brown soil suspensions (clay content of 30 g kg-1) equilibrated with different nitrate solutions of a concentration of 1 × 10-4/z mol L-1 , where z is the valence, varied with the type of nitrates, being lowest for NaNO3 (47 kV cm-1) and highest for Ca(NO3)2 (98 kV cm-1). At high field strengths (larger than 130 kV cm-1), the relative conductivities of yellow-brown soil suspensions containing different nitrates diminished in the order: NaNO3 ＞ KNO3 ＞ Mg(NO3)2 ＞ Zn(NO3)2 ＞ Ca(NO3)2. The rates and intensities of the Wien effect in the suspensions of the three soils equilibrated with 5 × 10-5 molL-1 Ca(NO3)2 solution were in the order of the yellow-brown soil ＞ the latosol ＞ the black soil. The results for the yellow-brown soil suspensions (clay concentration of 30 g kg-1) equilibrated with KNO3 solutions of various concentrations clearly demonstrated that the more dilute the solution, the lower the TFS, and the larger the relative conductivity of the suspensions at high field strengths. The results for yellow-brown soil suspensions with different clay concentrations indicated that as the clay concentration increased, the low field electrical conductivity, EC0, also increased, but the TFS decreased, and the Wien effect increased.     

重金属污染土壤毒性的大型蚤法诊断

采用清洁土壤人工投加污染物的方法,应用大型蚤对4种重金属污染的草甸棕壤进行了毒性的诊断。实验确立了4种重金属在草甸棕壤中的IC50———Cd157.71mg·kg-1、Zn182.29mg·kg-1、Cu185.09mg·kg-1、Pb1223.29mg·kg-1。对复合污染的研究表明,重金属间存在明显的协同作用。     

高等级公路水土保持绿化工程方案探讨

以天水一谗口高等级公路工程为例,系统地介绍了可行性研究阶段水土保持方案中绿化工程设计的要求及内容。首先根据项目主体的要求,确定不同绿化功能和要求的地块的分布和面积,并划分不同的防治分区;其次分析和评价各类绿化地的立地条件,合理划分立地因子,提出不同防治分区各绿化地块拟采用的植物种及布局方案;最后,根据项目立体建设的要求,研究项目对绿化的特殊要求,提出可行的绿化方案,并进行典型设计。