红壤丘陵区水土流失过程及综合治理技术

根据试验结果 ,分析了红壤丘陵区水土流失和养分损失的过程和动态变化以及在不同耕作轮作措施下的变异特征 ,提出了水土流失区综合治理的技术措施。东南红壤丘陵区水土流失的面积约占土地总面积的 2 1.5 %。水土流失量的年际间差异非常大 ,达 18～ 2 0倍 ,季节间的变化则主要受降雨分布、植被覆盖及人为活动的影响 ,保护性耕作可以明显减少水土流失和养分损失量。采用综合治理技术 ,创造合适的水分和养分条件 ,是快速恢复水土流失区的植被和土壤肥力的有效措施。     

黄土区荒草地土壤水平衡的数值模拟

林草植被深层土壤干燥化是黄土高原地区生态环境建设过程中面临的重大科学问题。采用人工降雨的试验方法,对黄土高原沟壑区荒草坡地不同水文年土壤水平衡进行了数值模拟,结果表明:当植被覆盖率较高时,WAVES模型可以应用于荒草坡地土壤水平衡的模拟;土壤储水量的模拟结果与实测值趋势很吻合,但有关参数的取值还有待于进一步研究;荒草地土壤水分收支基本平衡所需的雨季降雨量和年总降雨量分别为507.0mm和747.6mm,分别高于黄土高原地区多年平均的雨季降雨量和年总降雨量,预示黄土高原地区干旱年和平水年土壤水分易收支负平衡,从而形成土壤干层。     

不同生物治理措施对赤红壤抗蚀性影响的研究

采用营造大叶相思水土保持林和种植荔枝、龙眼、杨梅等果树的措施治理严重退化赤红壤,对不同航对照的土壤抗蚀性研究,结果表明：采用不同生物措施治理后土壤抗蚀性大小顺序为：２７年生杨梅（Ｔ２３）;６年生大叶相思（Ｔ１２）、２８年生的荔枝（Ｔ２１）、龙眼（Ｔ２２）和６年生荔枝（Ｔ１１）。采用受蚀性指数ＥＶＡ、土壤有机质、结构体破坏率,大于１ｍｍ水稳性团粒含量以及侵率,能较好地表征赤红壤抗蚀性,在果园中引进以     

长江上游人工林与天然林土壤结构质量及保水抗蚀性研究

对长江上游人工林与天然林下代表性剖面的土壤结构分析看出,人工林较天然林土壤的结构状况要差。选择12项指标对不同林地土壤结构质量进行评价,结果表明人工林土壤结构质量远不如天然林土壤。测定和计算人工林、天然林土壤的持水量和侵蚀率,也看出前者比后者的保水抗蚀性差。其原因主要与林下土壤结构质量有关。长江上游地区人工林分布面积大,现暴露出的很多问题,与其土壤结构质量低下有紧密的关系。建议加强林下土壤结构质量的保护和培育研究。     

Phosphorus-Sorption Characteristics and Phosphorus Buffer Coefficients of Some Important Soils in Lao PDR

An estimated 97 percent of the soils in Laos are characterized by low phosphorus (P). This characteristic, together with high acidity, constrains food crop production. The P status, sorption, and associated properties were evaluated for fifteen important agricultural soils from the uplands. Soil pH values ranged from 4.5 to 5.9. Soil organic carbon (C) varied from 7.0 to 22.9 g kg^?1. Soil clay varied from 179 to 709 g kg^?1. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) also varied from 4.30 to 32.1 cmol_c kg^?1. Extractable P levels of thirteen of the fifteen soils were P deficient with medium to very high P sorption, indicating substantial fertilizer P requirements. Dithionite and oxalate aluminum and iron predicted P sorbed at 0.2 mg P L^?1. The extractable P increase per unit added P, P buffer coefficient (PBC), was low, also indicating high P sorption. Field studies are needed to confirm predictions of P requirements.     

Effect of conservation agriculture on soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration and lability: A study from a rice–wheat cropping system on a calcareous soil of the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains

Increasing soil carbon (C) in arable soils is an important strategy to achieve sustainable yields and mitigate climate change. We investigated changes in soil organic and inorganic carbon (SOC and SIC) under conservation agriculture (CA) in a calcareous soil of the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The treatments were as follows: conventional-till rice and wheat (CT-CT), CT rice and zero-till wheat (CT-ZT), ZT direct seeded rice (DSR) and CT wheat (ZT-CT), ZTDSR and ZT wheat without crop residue retention (ZT-ZT), ZT-ZT with residue (ZT-ZT+R), and DSR and wheat both on permanent beds with residue (PB-PB+R). The ZT-ZT+R had the highest total SOC in both 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers (20% and 40% higher (p < .05) than CT-CT, respectively), whereas total SIC decreased by 11% and 15% in the respective layers under ZT-ZT+R compared with CT-CT. Non-labile SOC was the largest pool, followed by very labile, labile and less labile SOC. The benefits of ZT and residue retention were greatest for very labile SOC, which showed a significant (p < .05) increase (~50%) under ZT-ZT+R compared with CT-CT. The ZT-ZT+R sequestered ~2 Mg ha⁻¹ total SOC in the 0–15 cm soil layer in 6 years, where CT registered significant losses. Thus, the adoption of CA should be recommended in calcareous soils, for C sequestration, and also as a reclamation technique.     

抚育间伐对落叶松云冷杉混交林的影响

以15块人工落叶松纯林演化后形成的落叶松云冷杉混交林为对象,间伐后12年观测结果,研究间伐对林分和树木生长、树种组成、物种多样性及土壤等因子的影响。间伐强度分为2级:中度(平均为20%)和强度(平均为30%)。结果表明:间伐促进了保留木生长的显著增加,但不同间伐强度间无显著差异。林分及单木的直径、断面积和蓄积生长率均表现相同的趋势即随间伐强度的增加而增加。但间伐没有显著地增加12年间的总收获量。伐后对照样地表现为较高的枯损,枯死木主要是落叶松和阔叶树。林分进界株数严重不足,进界的主要树种是云冷杉、阔叶树和红松,以耐荫树种为主。从枯损和进界看,如果能对红松和阔叶树进行保护,这种林分很可能逐渐演化为阔叶红松林。建议对红松和阔叶树进行保护,使林分向阔叶红松林方向发展。各林分的树种组成在12年间基本没有发生变化,即间伐没有显著地改变林分的树种组成,目前的树种组成即落叶松、其他针叶树(云杉、冷杉和红松)和阔叶树组成比约为6∶3∶1可能是相对稳定的群落。20%和30%的间伐强度没有显著地改变林分的物种多样性、灌草生物量和土壤物理性质,间伐样地的物种多样性略有提高;间伐样地的土壤物理性质有所改善,总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度都大于对照;林下灌草生物量有所增加。     

土壤/沉积物中微量重金属的化学萃取方法研究进展

用化学萃取法,包括连续萃取法和单一萃取法,研究土壤 /沉积物中的微量重金属的活动性和生物可利用性是环境土壤化学领域内的热点问题之一。这里我们将对近年来该方法所取得的一些进展、存在的问题进行详细评述。