新疆高盐农业污水回用研究

对新疆盐碱地排碱渠渠水、水渠水、井水和塔里木河水水样进行了分析:其总盐量分别为12 915、11 352、9 980、1 421mg/L,根据水质评价标准当地水样主要有害盐分离子为Na+、Cl-,除塔里木河水外其他水样含盐量均严重超过了农业灌溉用水标准,未经任何处理的高盐农业废水对地下水体和公共水体都造成了一定的盐污染。对比分析各种水除盐方法,初步讨论采用价格低廉且具有良好选择吸附性能的钙基膨润土作为吸附剂对3号水样(水渠水:盐度为11 352mg/L)进行除盐。在固定温度50℃、搅拌速度为0.75m/s、吸附剂用量为5g(每100mL水样),搅拌1h后静置1d,总盐量降幅为23%,Na+浓度降幅为32%。此实验结果对高盐农业废水的再利用具有重要参考价值。     

Physical activation of biochar and its meaning for soil fertility and nutrient leaching – a greenhouse experiment

The slow alteration of the surface of charred biomass (biochar) over time may contribute to an improved nutrient retention and thus fertility of tropical soils. Here, we investigated soils from temperate climates and investigated whether a technical steam activation of biochar could accelerate its positive effects on nutrient retention and uptake by plants relative to nonactivated biochar. To this aim, we performed microcosm experiments with sandy or silty soil, mixed with 2.0, 7.5 and 15.0 g/kg soil of fine (<2 mm) or coarse‐sized (2–10 mm) biochar from beech wood (Fagus sp.). After initial fertilizer (NPK), ashes and excess nutrients were leached with water, and the microcosms were planted for 142 days with Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum). Thereafter, leachate, soil and plant samples were analysed for their nutrient contents. The results showed that biochar additions of ≤15 g/kg soil left elevated contents of available P and N in the surface soil but reduced their uptake into the plants. As a result, total biomass production was unchanged. Different particle size and application amounts influenced these findings only marginally. Nitrate leaching was enhanced in the sandy soil (+41% for nitrate, but reduced in the silty soil ?17%) and P was immobilized. Hence, the fertility of the temperate soils under study was only marginally affected by pure biochar amendments. Steam activation, however, almost doubled the positive effects of biochars in all instances, thus being an interesting option for future biochar applications.     

Use of Chromameter‐Measured Color Parameters in Estimating Color‐Related Soil Variables

Abstract

Soil color is a soil property that may be used as an interpreting index in estimating processes and properties. Quantifying color allows one to obtain information for rapidly estimating the related processes in soils. CIELAB color parameters L*, a*, and b* of ground (air‐dried and sieved) soil samples and aggregate surfaces of four soil profiles formed in calcareous colluviums in northern Turkey were analyzed. Values of color parameters measured in ground and intact soils were compared and related to soil properties by the regression technique. Results revealed that the L* value obtained with a ground soil sample was a significant predictor of organic matter in A horizons (p < 0.001). Although calcic horizons yielded the highest L* values, no significant relationship was obtained between calcium carbonate contents and lightness of soils in any of horizons studied. The parameters of b* could adequately be used to quantify dithionite‐extractable iron oxide contents in soils studied. The results further showed that the CIELAB color parameters obtained with ground samples were more informative than that of aggrevated samples in relating color parameters to soil properties.     

Lime-induced growth depression in Lupinus species: Are soil pH and bicarbonate involved?

In a series of experiments, the effect of elevated pH on root growth of different lupin genotypes and lime-tolerant Pisum sativum was assessed. Seedlings were cultivated in pH-controlled but unbuffered nutrient or test solutions with pH 5—8 under constant light or constant darkness. Moderately increased solution pH did not affect root elongation. At high pH, root elongation rates were reduced by less than 35%, L. luteus being most sensitive. In a further experiment, effects of 10 mM bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) and organic buffers (MES, TES) were examined. Bicarbonate severely affected root elongation of lupins, sensitivity increasing in the order Lupinus albus < L. angustifolius < L. luteus. Since the reduced root elongation was not accompanied by a decreased root weight, specific root weight was increased. Shoot growth was not affected by HCO₃^-. Addition of organic buffers to alkaline nutrient solution, similarly to HCO₃^-, reduced elongation of main roots, but not that of laterals. Both treatments increased citrate concentrations in roots of sensitive L. luteus, but not of tolerant L. albus. Other carboxylates were not related to growth inhibition. Xylem exudate pH was always below 5.8, indicating that HCO₃^- was probably not translocated to the shoot. It is concluded that HCO₃^- is a key factor for lime-induced growth inhibition of calcifuge lupins, with the roots, not the shoots, being primarily affected.     

用人工神经网络模拟土体塌陷的可行性分析

探讨了利用人工神经网络预测土体塌陷与土体参数和荷载条件之间关系的可行性。BP神经网络是最常用的神经网络之一,通过网络训练,最终确定了6个变量即输入信息、8个隐层和1个输出层的网络结构。在比较了预测值与试验值后,进一步证实了人工神经网络在评估土体塌陷方面效果明显。     

流域侵蚀产沙物理成因模型评述

回顾了国内外流域侵蚀产沙模型的发展过程 ,对各类产流产沙模型的特点进行了比较。介绍了物理成因模型的概念及当前研究工作中存在的问题