猪粪与磷石膏配合施用对菱镁矿粉尘污染土壤化学性状的影响

辽宁省菱镁矿煅烧产生的粉尘对土壤污染越来越严重,但目前关于菱镁矿粉尘污染土壤的改良机理并不清楚,为此采用大石桥市菱镁矿粉尘重度污染土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了猪粪与磷石膏配合施用对菱镁矿粉尘污染土壤化学性状的影响。结果表明,施用磷石膏、猪粪与磷石膏配合施用可降低土壤pH幅度为0.3～0.6,增加水溶性钙镁比值(Ca2 /Mg2 )幅度为1.57～3.02。单施猪粪、猪粪与磷石膏配合施用增加了土壤中速效氮、磷、钾的含量。单施猪粪对土壤pH和Ca2 /Mg2 影响不显著,单施磷石膏增加了土壤中速效磷含量,施用猪粪与磷石膏可以有效地改善菱镁矿粉尘污染废弃地的土壤化学性状,且以两者配合施用的效果最好。     

沈阳市玉米主产区土壤有机质和有效磷含量及其与玉米产量水平之间的关系

为了解沈阳市玉米主产区土壤养分状况及其与玉米产量水平之间的关系,于2004～2005年对沈阳市不同肥力水平的玉米主要产区的土壤有机质和有效磷含量及其与玉米产量水平之间的关系进行分析。结果表明,沈阳市玉米主产区土壤有机质含量总体处于中低水平,有效磷含量总体处于较高水平;玉米的产量水平与有机质和有效磷含量之间表现出了极显著的正相关关系。由此提出增施有机肥,实行有机无机肥配施以及建立适应目前农业生产需要的土壤磷素丰缺指标是发挥玉米增产潜力的必要手段。     

甘肃省几种主要农田土壤肥力监测结果

对甘肃省几种主要耕种农田土壤肥力连续5年的定位监测结果进行分析。结果表明:农田土壤耕层有机质、全氮、速效磷均比第二次土壤普查值增加,速效钾均比普查值下降;施肥结构不合理,土壤耕层养分盈亏量为氮盈余,磷富积,钾亏缺。     

长期施用有机和无机肥对潮土氮素平衡与去向的影响

通过13年26季不同施肥方式对潮土土壤氮素平衡及去向进行定位监测的结果表明,不施氮肥土壤平均每年接受外源氮为N.23～24.kg/hm2,小麦和玉米带走N.82～88.kg/hm2,亏缺N.58.6～63.7.kg/hm2;各施氮肥处理平均每年实际盈余N.238.6～418.kg/hm2,其盈余多少顺序为1.5MNPKNNKMNPK(2)MNPKNPKNPSNPK。N、NK处理土壤接受外源氮N为4881和4876.kg/hm2,其中14.1%～20.7%被作物吸收利用,17.2%和5.2%残留在土壤,64%和72%损失;NP、NPK处理氮素去向基本一致,48%被作物利用,9.7%的残留在土壤中,55%损失;有机肥处理(MNPK)的氮素利用率、残留率和损失率分别为44.3%、23%和42%;有机肥用量增加,氮素利用率降低,损失率增加;秸秆还田(SNPK)氮素利用率最高,为51%;NK处理氮素损失最大。     

Cadmium in upland forests after vitality fertilization with wood ash—a summary of soil microbiological studies into the potential risk of cadmium release

The use of wood ash in forestry has been questioned because of the potential risk associated with its cadmium (Cd) content (1–30 mg kg^–1). In agriculture, wood ash is only allowed for use as a fertilizer when its Cd content is below 3 mg kg^–1. This restriction has not been applied to forest soils and there is a lack of knowledge about the potentially harmful effects of the Cd in wood ash on forest ecosystems. This paper summarizes our recent studies on the microbial communities of boreal coniferous forest humus exposed to Cd-containing wood ash treatment. The main objectives of our studies were to test if the Cd in wood ash has the potential to affect the humus layer microflora of coniferous upland forests and if it has the potential to enter the human food chain. These objectives were tested both in laboratory and field experiments with ash and ash spiked with Cd (in laboratory 400 or 1,000 mg Cd kg^–1 as CdO or CdCl₂; in field 400 mg Cd kg^–1 as CdO). In one study the dissolution of ash was accelerated by irrigating it with simulated acid rain (SAR). Wood ash increased humus layer pH and microbial activities (respiration or thymidine incorporation rates) and changed its microfloral community structure (Biolog, PLFA, 16S or 18S rDNA PCR-DGGE) in both laboratory and field experiments. Spiking ash with Cd induced no further changes in the above-mentioned variables compared to ash alone. The Cd added with wood ash did not become bioavailable as detected with a bacterial biosensor Bacillus subtilis BR151(pTOO24). The form and level of Cd added in the ash had no further effect on the microbiological variables studied. Irrigation of ash with SAR did not increase the amount of bioavailable Cd, although the dissolution rate of the ash was increased. The concentration of Cd in soil water and in the berries of Vaccinium uliginosum and V. vitis-idaea, and the amount of humus bioavailable Cd did not increase with applied ash or ash spiked with Cd although the ash spiked with Cd increased the amount of humus total and extractable Cd in the 4-year field study. Only the ash spiked with Cd and not the unspiked normal wood ash resulted in significantly higher Cd concentrations in the mushroom Lactarius rufus and a slight increase in the berries of Empetrum nigrum (first year only). In conclusion, the Cd in wood ash did not become bioavailable and harmful to forest soil microbes, or leach into the humus layer even when treated with simulated acid rain. It is thus safe to use wood ash as a fertilizer in forests. However, since wood ash adds Cd to the environment, it is recommended that the same sites should not be fertilized with wood ash more than once. The effects of wood ash (3 t ha^–1) on forest soil humus layer microbes are long-term, lasting at least 20 years, and probably longer if higher application dose and/or hardened ash is used.     

福建若干山地土壤不同形态氧化铁的主组元分析

研究福建4条代表性山地土壤垂直带谱中铁的形态的结果表明,氧化铁的活化度和游离度随海拔升高而呈现规律性的变化,应用主组元分析法,前两个主组元全铁和游离铁的累计贡献率已达85％以上。据此认为,氧化铁的活化度可以作为划分常湿润铁铝土亚纲和湿润铁铝土亚纲的一项参考依据。     

重庆市城市污泥中的重金属及其农用环境容量

城市污泥农用的环境风险取决于城市污泥中的污染物含量及土壤理化性质。该文分析了重庆市10个城市污水处理厂污泥中的Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd含量及形态,根据土壤环境容量及氮肥施用量计算了重庆主要旱地土壤的最大施用量和年施用量。结果表明,重庆市城市污泥中的Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd含量分别为362.12～725.32mg/kg,69.84～170.22mg/kg,21.25～107.24mg/kg和1.26～4.25mg/kg。污泥中不稳定态Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的比例分别为42.89%～44.74%,2.69%～9.45%,0.95%～12.06%和61.05%～79.91%。根据土壤重金属的静态容量,计算出重庆主要旱地土壤紫色土和黄壤城市污泥的一次性最高施用量分别为384.62t/hm2和98.90t/hm2。根据土壤重金属动态容量,以15、20、50为年限,计算出的城市污泥的年施用量,紫色土为66.10,60.91和55.71t/(hm2·a),黄壤为30.32,28.99和27.53t/(hm2·a)。根据作物的需氮量计算城市污泥的年施用量为3.04～6.40t/(hm2·a),该施用量低于根据土壤环境的动态容量计算的施用量,按此用量施用城市污泥更安全。     

柠檬酸对石灰性土壤磷的释放效应

在盆栽条件下,以不施磷肥和不施柠檬酸为对照(CK1),研究了在不施磷和施磷情况下施用柠檬酸对土壤有效磷、小麦地上部和根部吸磷状况以及生物学产量的影响。结果表明,施用柠檬酸明显降低了土壤pH,增加了土壤中的有效磷的含量;在施用磷肥条件下,随着柠檬酸施用量的增加,土壤pH值逐步降低,土壤有效磷逐步提高,小麦地上部,尤其根部吸磷量增加,生物学产量显著增加。     

环境因子对海防林土壤呼吸速率的影响

 为了揭示土壤呼吸的日间变化规律,寻找影响土壤呼吸速率强弱的生态因子,从而为海防林的造林营林技术提供重要依据,对胶南沿海混交林和灌木林的土壤呼吸速率及各环境因子进行研究。2种海防林林地土壤呼吸速率的日变化均呈现出单峰式的变化规律,灌木林的土壤呼吸速率明显高于混交林。地表温度是对土壤呼吸速率影响最大的环境因子之一,它与混交林和灌木林的土壤呼吸速率分别呈极显著和显著正相关关系。空气相对湿度与混交林土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关,风速与灌木林土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关。通过主成分分析和多元线性回归方法,得到了影响海防林土壤呼吸速率的主要环境因子及与土壤呼吸速率之间的多元回归模型。