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231.
采用外源加入重金属铜锌硝酸盐的方法,制成铜、锌单一及复合污染的三级污染红壤和黄泥土(Cu 200mg/kg、Zn 400 mg/kg),稳定一个月,施入低(0.50 g/kg)、中(1.50 g/kg)和高(2.50 g/kg)3种不同用量的石灰,稳定两个月后测定土壤有效态铜、锌含量和pH值,以阐明石灰用量对不同污染土壤中重金属有效态含量的影响。结果表明,随石灰用量的增加,复合污染红壤中有效态铜含量较对照依次降低31%、76%和87%;而石灰用量对黄泥土中有效态铜影响的差异不显著;两种土壤中有效态锌含量均随石灰用量的增加而显著减少;复合污染较单一污染相比,有效态铜及有效态锌的含量差异不显著。在复合污染下,低、中量石灰使黄泥土中有效态铜含量较红壤减少89%和63%,有效态锌减少27%和65%。但加入高量石灰,两种土壤差异不显著。石灰能够降低单一与复合污染铜、锌有效态的含量,但其效果因土壤类型而异,在红壤上选择施用高量石灰而在黄泥土上则适宜施用低中量石灰,以取得最佳的修复效果和效益。 相似文献
232.
Soil samples with three fertilization treatments (no fertilizer, corn straw and farm manure) collected from a Lou soil (Eum-orthic Anthrosol classfied using Chinese Soil Taxonomy) in northwestern China were analysed for residual levels and their characteristics of organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, HCB, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, a-endosulfan, dieldrin and endrin). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were detected in all soil samples except δ-HCH and their total concentrations ranged from 159.31 ± 9.00 to 179.77 ± 2.58 ng g-1 with an order of HCHs > DDTs > (dieldrin + endrin) > HCB > α-endosulfan. Among all the compounds, γ-HCH had the highest concentration followed by p,p'-DDE. The residual levels of HCH isomers and DDT as well as their metabolites in soil with different fertilization treatments were in the order of γ-HCH > β-HCH ≈ α-HCH > δ-HCH and p,p'-DDE > p,p'-DDT > o,p'-DDT > p,p'-DDD ≈ o,p'-DDE, respectively. DDE/DDT ratios ranged from 1.59 ±0.13 to 3.35 ± 0.16 and endrin/dieldrin ratios from 1.40 ± 0.06 to 9.20 ± 4.05, both indicating no new occurrence of these pesticides in these soils, while α-HCH/γ-HCH ratios of 0.04 indicated a new input of lindane (almost pure γ-HCH) in the past several years. The farm manure treatments showed lower DDT residues than samples without fertilizer. Also addition of corn straw and farm manure increased soil organic matter content and decreased the soil pH which could retard the degradation of DDT in the soil. 相似文献
233.
评价新疆玛纳斯河流域灌区灌溉技术对土壤盐渍化的影响程度。以石河子垦区为例,着重分析不同阶段灌溉技术对土壤盐渍化的影响;根据土壤盐渍化与灌溉技术水平的关系,用类比法对灌区盐渍化耕地的发展趋势进行初步预测。结果表明:在无排水条件下漫灌、畦灌等传统灌溉技术造成地下水位迅速上升,土层出现严重积盐。井灌井排技术有效地降低了地下水位,土壤明显脱盐,作物产量不断提高。目前大力推广的膜下滴灌由于其良好的节水和压盐效果,土壤中盐分含量逐年下降,随着滴灌年限的增加,土壤平均脱盐率逐渐提高;预计2010年大部分地区水资源达到合理利用后,灌区次生盐渍化耕地比例将下降到35%~40%,2020年区域水资源实现高效利用后,盐渍化耕地将减少到30%以内。随着灌溉技术水平的不断提高,不同类型土壤出现明显脱盐,灌区盐渍化耕地也将逐渐减少,但不会全部消失。 相似文献
234.
土壤剖面硝态氮含量的快速测试方法 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
为缩短分析时间提高时效,建立了田间条件下土壤剖面硝态氮含量测定的方法,主要包括1:1土水质量比快速浸提土壤硝态氮,Merck反射仪进行浸提液硝态氮快速定量及酒精灼烧法快速测定土壤水分,根据土壤容重换算土壤硝态氮含量。将该方法与实验室常规的0.01mol/LCaCl2溶液1:10土水质量比浸提、连续流动分析法比较.结果表明,田间快速法与实验室常规法测定的土壤硝态氮含量具有极显著的相关性,2种方法测定表土层(0~30cm)和底土层(30~90cm)土壤硝态氮质量分数(mg/kgN)的相关系数分别为0.96和0.92,按不同层次土壤容重换算表土层和底土层土壤硝态氮含量(kg/hm^2N)的相关系数为0.93和0.92。 相似文献
235.
Teodora Todorcic Vekic Shahid Nadeem Lars Molstad Vegard Martinsen Elisabeth Gautefall Hiis Lars Bakken Tobias Rütting Leif Klemedtsson Peter Dörsch 《Soil Use and Management》2023,39(3):1082-1095
Liming of acidic agricultural soils has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, as increased soil pH reduces the N2O/N2 product ratio of denitrification. The capacity of different calcareous (calcite and dolomite) and siliceous minerals to increase soil pH and reduce N2O emissions was assessed in a 2-year grassland field experiment. An associated pot experiment was conducted using homogenized field soils for controlling spatial soil variability. Nitrous oxide emissions were highly episodic with emission peaks in response to freezing–thawing and application of NPK fertilizer. Liming with dolomite caused a pH increase from 5.1 to 6.2 and reduced N2O emissions by 30% and 60% after application of NPK fertilizer and freezing–thawing events, respectively. Over the course of the 2-year field trial, N2O emissions were significantly lower in dolomite-limed than non-limed soil (p < .05), although this effect was variable over time. Unexpectedly, no significant reduction of N2O emission was found in the calcite treatment, despite the largest pH increase in all tested minerals. We tentatively attribute this to increased N2O production by overall increase in nitrogen turnover rates (both nitrification and denitrification) following rapid pH increase in the first year after liming. Siliceous materials showed little pH effect and had no significant effect on N2O emissions probably because of their lower buffering capacity and lower cation content. In the pot experiment using soils taken from the field plots 3 years after liming and exposing them to natural freezing–thawing, both calcite (p < .01) and dolomite (p < .05) significantly reduced cumulative N2O emission by 50% and 30%, respectively, relative to the non-limed control. These results demonstrate that the overall effect of liming is to reduce N2O emission, although high lime doses may lead to a transiently enhanced emission. 相似文献
236.
施肥对金沙江干热河谷退化草地土壤微生物的影响 总被引:17,自引:6,他引:17
在金沙江干热河谷区的退化草地上进行了2年的氮磷施肥试验,试验结束后分析了土壤特性及土壤微生物数量和生物量的变化。结果表明,在施氮量为5 ,15g/ (m2 ·a)时,土壤微生物的数量和生物量均没有明显变化,而当施氮量增加到2 5g/ (m2 ·a)时,土壤微生物的数量和生物量比对照明显增加。施磷没有引起土壤微生物数量和生物量的明显增加。施氮和施磷均没有引起土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌组成的变化。这表明氮虽然影响土壤微生物的数量,但对土壤微生物的组成没有影响。施氮导致土壤硝态氮增加,但对氨态氮影响不大,硝态氮可能是影响土壤微生物数量的重要因素。施氮和施磷后植物群落地上生物量均出现增加的趋势,但土壤有机质没有明显增加。施氮和施磷也没有引起土壤pH和含水率的明显改变。我们的试验结果表明,在干热河谷退化草地生态系统,仅靠短期施用无机肥料恢复土壤微生物群落是困难的 相似文献
237.
根据贝塔朗菲系统自生长的微分方程 ,可建立表征土壤生态系统动态变化的动力学方程 :dx/dt =(f-s)x-bx2 ,t为时间 ,x为土壤微生物数量 ,f为其繁殖系数 ,s为死亡系数 ,b为饱和系数 .其解 (1)x=x0 e(f-s)t,(2 )x =(f -s) /b.方程 (1)表明 ,如s>f,则当t→∞时 ,x→ 0 ,表明土壤生态系统处于热力学分支 ,将向退化的方向发展 ;方程 (2 )表明 ,如f>s ,其临界点x =(f -s) /b ,如x>x ,则表明土壤生态系统处于耗散结构分支 ,将向进化的方向演替 相似文献
238.
239.
Loss of soil organic matter under cropping systems is often considered one of the most serious forms of agriculturally induced soil degradation. Therefore, understanding how to improve or maintain soil fertility is of importance for sustainable systems of agriculture. This study deals with the effects of succession fallow and fertilization combined with crop rotation on the chemical properties and microbial biomass of soil in the central Loess Plateau, China. In order to create a more uniform experimental environment and avoid the influence of different crop residues, wheat/potato (W/P) rotation was selected as a fertilization treatment. The results showed that with increasing fallow time organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (TN) slightly increased, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and MBC/Corg gradually decreased, and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) remained unchanged. However, only MBC/Corg among all the microbial parameters measured showed significant differences at various stages of fallow. Although there was a decrease in organic carbon and total nitrogen in the fertilized plots, MBC was not significantly different in the various fallow and fertilized plots except for one‐year‐old fallows, which had the highest MBC. MBN, MBC/Corg and MBN/TN in fertilized plots were higher than for plots at different stages of fallow. Fertilization can increase organic carbon, total nitrogen, MBC and MBN content (compared to the control). It was concluded that appropriate land management, such as fertilization combined with crop rotation and reducing one‐year‐old fallow, would be useful ways to improve or maintain soil fertility. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
240.
2005年4~7月期间利用W.E.T电导率测量仪,采用网格化取样方式对烟台农科院梨园的表层土壤(0~30cm)电导率的162个样点进行了3次取样,并对土壤电导率适宜样本容量的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,在所考虑的置信水平和精度范围内,相对于取样间距的变化,不同取样时间土壤电导率合理采样数的变化更加明显,取样间距不同引起的合理采样数的变化幅度介于1.28%~11.36%之间,取样时间不同时合理采样数的变化幅度介于33.33%~45.67%之间。因此在研究区域内,由人为因素(施肥等)引起的土壤电导率分布状况是影响其合理取样数目的主要因素。 相似文献