Effect of Continuous Rice–Wheat Rotation on Soil Properties from Four Agro‐ecosystems of Indian Punjab

In Indian Punjab, rice–wheat is a dominant cropping system in four agro‐ecosystems, namely undulating subregion (zone 1), Piedmont alluvial plains (zone 2), central alluvial plains (zone 3), and southwestern alluvial plains (zone 4), varying in rainfall and temperature. Static and temporal variabilities in soil physical and chemical properties prevail because of alluvial parent material, management/tillage operations, and duration of rice–wheat rotation. A detailed survey was undertaken to study the long‐term effect of rice–wheat rotation on soil physical (soil separates, bulk density, modulus of rupture, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities, soil water content, and suction relations) and chemical (organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity) properties of different textured soils (sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, and silty clay loam) in these four zones of Punjab. Soil samples (of 0‐ to 30‐cm depth) from 45 sites were collected during 2006 and were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The results showed that sand content and pH increased whereas silt and organic carbon decreased significantly from zones 1 to 4. Compared to other textures, significantly greater organic carbon, modulus of rupture, and pH in silty clay loam; greater bulk density in clay loam, and greater saturated hydraulic conductivity in sandy clay loam were observed. Irrespective of zone and soil texture, in the subsurface soil, there was a hard pan at 15–22.5 cm deep, which had high soil bulk density, modulus of rupture, more silt and clay contents (by 3–5%) and less organic carbon and hydraulic conductivity than the surface (0–15 cm) layer. These properties deteriorated with fineness of the soil texture and less organic carbon content. Continuous rice–wheat cropping had a deleterious effect on many soil properties. Many of these soils would benefit from the addition of organic matter, and crop yields may also be affected by the distinct hardpan that exists between 15 and 22.5 cm deep.     

全世界有些国家重新考虑或取消修建大型水坝的计划

前不久,苏联停止了几项要花数十年时间才能完成的工程计划。这些工程是苏联有史以来规模最大的—筑坝,并使4条向北流的河流改道,以引水灌溉南方的辽阔地区。     

微型蒸发器长度影响土壤蒸发测量值的试验研究

研究使用了不同长度的不锈钢微型蒸发器测定裸土和冬小麦冠层下的土壤蒸发量。目标是考查不同长度蒸发器测定土壤蒸发量的差异性及原因。试验结果显示,在蒸发强度较低的情况下,不同长度的微型蒸发器测定值之间有很好的相关关系,但数值上存在显著的差异,原因可能是不锈钢导热性高所致;在蒸发率较高的情况下,不同长度微型蒸发器的观测值之间有明显差异,主要原因是不同长度引起的供水差异所致。研究认为,50 mm长度的微型蒸发器在蒸发强度不高的情况下,可以适合裸土和植物冠层下土壤蒸发的日观测。但金属材料可能不是制作微型蒸发器的理想材料。     

Longevity of seeds of four annual grass and two dicotyledon weed species as related to placement in the soil and straw disposal technique

Persistence of seeds of the four winter annual grass species, Alopecurus myosuroides , Bromus sterilis , Bromus hordeaceus and Vulpia myuros , were studied under field conditions. The studies also included the two dicotyledon species, Tripleurospermum inodorum and Galium aparine . Seed samples were stored in the field at different depths in the plough layer for a year. Following germination, seedling emergence was taken as an indicator of field persistence. In a supplementary investigation, seed samples were placed on the soil surface or buried at 2 cm for a month and then tested for viability. Persistence of the two Bromus species was very short, irrespective of depth and duration of burial. Persistence of the other species was positively correlated with incorporation of seeds to a few centimetres depth. Increasing the depth of incorporation below 2 cm had a variable influence on persistence. Persistence of seeds placed directly on the soil surface was short, whether they were left there for a year or a month. Whether seeds at the soil surface were left uncovered or covered with chopped straw had limited influence on seed persistence. However, straw cover significantly increased persistence of A. myosuroides seeds and there was the same tendency with T. inodorum .     

野生大豆对盐碱土离子浓度的影响

以盐碱土和盆栽野生大豆为研究对象,测定土壤中N、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、HCO3-、SO42-、CO32-和野生大豆根、茎叶、种子的氮含量,研究野生大豆对盐碱土的影响。结果表明：野生大豆能够提高盐碱土的氮含量。在花期和收获期土壤氮含量比原盐碱土分别提高了98和113%。野生大豆能够有效降低盐碱土的各种水溶性盐离子的含量和总量。在收获期土壤Na+、Cl-、HCO3-和SO42-含量比原盐碱土分别降低了94.9、85.3、47.6和95.5%;土壤可溶性盐离子总量比原盐碱土降低了90.5%。野生大豆对于盆栽盐碱土有改良作用。在收获期,野生大豆地上部分生物量很大,且在各个生长期的盐度下都能很好生长,具有绿化盐碱地的作用。     

根－土界面区域磷酸盐的分布和移动: Ⅱ. 土壤水分含量和磷酸盐施用量的影响

The phosphate in the soil-root interface zone under various soil water contents and application rates of phosphate was still of depletion distribution which could be described by a power function in the form of C/Co= ax^b(C/Co is the relative content of fertilized phosphate in a distance from the root surface x, a and b are the regression constants). The depletion rate of phosphate in soil near the root surface was higher and the depletion range was narrower under lower soil moisture. On the contrary, at higher soil water content the depletion range was wider, generally. The application rate of phosphate led to the greater depletion intensity of phosphorus was higher in the heavier texture soils. In general, the depletion intensity in the soils, which decreased with increasing clay content or increasing buffering power of soil, decreased in the order as loessal soil and black lou soil > lou soil > yellow cinnamon soil when 50 or 100 mg of phosphorus were applied in the form of KH₂PO₄. This result indicated that the phosphate distribution and its movement in the soil-root interface zone closely related with the buffering capacity of soil.