QuEChERS-气相色谱法检测苎麻及其土壤中8种有机磷农药残留

建立了采用QuEChERS-气相色谱快速检测苎麻及其土壤中8种有机磷农药残留的方法。样品用乙腈或乙腈-超纯水提取,苎麻叶样品用N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)配合石墨化炭黑(GCB)净化,土壤和苎麻杆样品经PSA净化,最后用丙酮置换乙腈,气相色谱-FPD检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在0.05～0.5 mg/kg添加水平范围内,8种农药在土壤、苎麻杆和苎麻叶样品中的平均添加回收率在71.1%～114.2%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.2%～14.6%,检出限(LOD)在0.006～0.016 mg/kg之间,定量限(LOQ)在0.020～0.050 mg/kg之间。该方法准确、快速、方便,适用于有机磷类农药在苎麻叶、苎麻杆和土壤中的残留检测。     

玉米植株残体培肥土壤的研究

采用土培试验对玉米植株残体施人后土壤理化性质及有机质组成的变化进行了分析。结果表明,土壤加入玉米植株残体后,土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量提高,土壤的阳离子交换量增强,松结合态、联结合态和紧结合态腐殖质的含量增加,稳结合态腐殖质的相对含量下降,土壤中五碳糖和六碳糖的含量升高,土壤胶体活性变强。玉米秸秆和根茬对土壤的培肥作用存在差异。     

胶东果园土壤电导率的时空分布特征及Kriging估值

应用传统统计学和地统计学方法,分析了2005年4~11月期间烟台农科院苹果园土壤电导率的空间变异性,并进行了Moran’s I系数分析和Kriging估值。结果表明:土壤电导率具有明显的空间变异性,半方差函数和Moran’s I系数分析说明了4月30日、6月29日和11月16日的空间自相关范围较大,相关性较强;4月20日、7月14日和8月16日的变程偏小,空间相关性较弱。土壤电导率的均值和变异系数随时间变化总体上近似呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,在空间分布上不同时期果园表层土壤电导率分布格局差异较大,土壤电导率的破碎化比较严重。     

应用吸管法进行风沙土机械组成分析的实验研究

土壤机械组成分析就是指土壤粒径分析,即测定组成土壤的不同直径颗粒的含量。通过机械组成分析可以定量地了解土壤质地的粗细、理化性状、肥力状况及土壤的发育情况。经过从毛乌素沙地、腾格里沙漠和浑善达克沙地等几个区域采样实验,探讨了用吸管法测定风沙土机械组成的实验控制。结果显示：在司托克斯原理指导下的吸管法测定风沙土机械组成的实验中,传统吸管法的10cm深抽样条件下粉粒与黏粒段不能正常测定。8cm深抽样条件下,振荡分散1h有20％的样在粉粒与黏粒段的测定结果有悖实际,煮沸分散1h与煮沸分散10min两种测定结果在砂、粉、黏三段内的变异系数较大。经对比分析,在用吸管法测定风沙土机械组成实验中,以煮沸分散1h,抽样深8cm的实验效果良好。     

高等级公路水土保持绿化工程方案探讨

以天水一谗口高等级公路工程为例,系统地介绍了可行性研究阶段水土保持方案中绿化工程设计的要求及内容。首先根据项目主体的要求,确定不同绿化功能和要求的地块的分布和面积,并划分不同的防治分区;其次分析和评价各类绿化地的立地条件,合理划分立地因子,提出不同防治分区各绿化地块拟采用的植物种及布局方案;最后,根据项目立体建设的要求,研究项目对绿化的特殊要求,提出可行的绿化方案,并进行典型设计。     

重金属污染土壤毒性的大型蚤法诊断

采用清洁土壤人工投加污染物的方法,应用大型蚤对4种重金属污染的草甸棕壤进行了毒性的诊断。实验确立了4种重金属在草甸棕壤中的IC50———Cd157.71mg·kg-1、Zn182.29mg·kg-1、Cu185.09mg·kg-1、Pb1223.29mg·kg-1。对复合污染的研究表明,重金属间存在明显的协同作用。     

渗灌对番茄根系生长发育的影响

Four depth treatments of subsurface drip irrigation pipes were designated as 1) at 20, 2) 30 and 3) 40 cm depthsall with a drip-proof flumes underneath, and 4) at 30 cm without a drip-proof flume to investigate the responses of atomato root system to different technical parameters of subsurface drip irrigation in a glass greenhouse, to evaluate tomatogrowth as affected by subsurface drip irrigation, and to develop an integrated subsurface drip irrigation method for optimaltomato yield and water use in a glass greenhouse. Tomato seedlings were planted above the subsurface drip irrigationpipe. Most of the tomato roots in treatment 1 were found in the top 0-20 cm soil depth with weak root activity but withyield and water use efficiency (WUE) significantly less (P=0.05) than treatment 2; root activity and tomato yield weresignificantly higher (P=0.05) with treatment 3 compared to treatment 1; and with treatment 2 the tomato roots andshoots grew harmoniously with root activity, nutrient uptake, tomato yield and WUE significantly higher (P=0.05) oras high as the other treatments. These findings suggested that subsurface drip irrigation with pipes at 30 cm depth witha drip-proof flume placed underneath was best for tomato production in greenhouses. In addition, the irrigation intervalshould be about 7-8 days and the irrigation rate should be set to 225 m^3 ha^-1 per event.     

长江流域侵蚀区“土壤水库”的调用是控制洪涝灾害的治本之策

The reasons for the Yangtze River flood calamity in 1998 are briefly introduced. The authors believe that using a “soil reservoir“ concept is an important means to help control flooding of the Yangtze River. A “soil reservoir“ has a large potential storage capacity and its water can be rapidly “discharged“ into the underground water in a timely fashion. The eroded, infertile soils of the Yangtze River Watershed are currently an obstacle to efficient operation of the “soil reservoir“. The storage capacity of this “soll reservoir“ has been severely hampered due to intensive soil erosion and the formation of soil crusts. Therefore, possible measures to control floods in the Yangtze River Watershed include: rehabilitating the vegetation to preserve soil and water on the eroded infertile soils, enhancing infiltration of the different soil types, and utilizing the large “soil reservoir“ of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.