基于遗传算法的不同光照条件下植被和土壤组分温度反演

为了提高地表土壤组分温度的反演精度,该研究利用ASTER反射光谱数据获取像元组分比,将直方图法引入遗传算法中,从而缩小了获取遗传算法最佳搜索参数的范围,并利用遗传算法对盈科研究区内地表非同温像元进行组分温度分解,对非同温像元下植被、遮阴土壤、光照裸土的组分温度进行模拟。该研究采用遗传算法直接对ASTER热红外数据进行地表混合像元组分温度分解的方法验证。结果表明,在考虑反射波段情况下,模拟的组分温度与地表同步实测温度的相对误差为7.63%～8.867%,在不考虑反射波段情况下,模拟的组分温度与地表同步实测温度的相对误差为8.955%～11.832%,表明了此方法在研究地表组分温度反演是可行性。该研究为地表组分温度反演提供新思路。     

基于土地利用结构优化的土壤有机碳储量预测分析——以内蒙古多伦县为例

土地利用/覆盖变化对陆地生态系统碳循环有着显著影响。基于模糊求解的多目标线性规划,对2020年多伦县土地利用最优结构进行求解,估算了此情景下的土壤有机碳储量。结果表明:多伦县2020年最优土地利用结构为:耕地3.31×104hm~2,林地1.37×105hm~2,草地1.84×105hm~2,水域2 300 hm~2,建筑用地5 600 hm~2,难利用土地2.89×104hm~2。最优土地利用结构下,多伦县耕地、林地和草地土壤有机碳储量分别为2.11×109kg、7.76×109kg和1.03×1010kg;3种土地利用方式下总有机碳储量比2009年增加了1.85×109kg。     

贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区土壤序列矿物组成变化

阐明土壤中矿物随时间变化的机制是理解矿物风化和土壤发育的基础。利用X射线衍射法对贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区土壤矿物组成随成土作用时间变化进行了定量分析。结果表明,冰川退缩区成土母质的矿物组成同质性较高,以硅酸盐矿物为主(约90%),包括:斜长石(28.5%)、石英(24.5%)、黑云母、钾长石、普通辉石、角闪石、绿泥石、蛭石;并有少量碳酸盐矿物,如方解石(8%)、白云石(2.3%);以及磷酸盐矿物磷灰石(2.1%)。退缩区土壤的矿物组成总体呈新发育土壤特征,随着成土年龄的增加,方解石逐渐被风化成为草酸钙石,角闪石、黑云母、磷灰石和绿泥石含量逐渐降低,长英质矿物的相对含量有所增加。成土作用中矿物组成的变化受植被原生演替和土壤p H的影响,快速发育的植被导致土壤p H迅速降低,风化程度增强。     

秸秆覆盖对旱地土壤水分及冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

【目的】研究秸秆覆盖方式与覆盖量对冬小麦田土壤水分及冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。【方法】在陕西渭北旱塬,通过连续2年(2007-2009)的不同秸秆覆盖方式(全程覆盖、生育期覆盖、不覆盖(CK)与不同覆盖量(9000,6000,3000kg/hm2)的大田试验,研究秸秆覆盖对土壤水分及冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】2年的定位试验结果表明,同一覆盖方式不同覆盖量处理的土壤含水量与覆盖量呈正相关;同一覆盖量不同覆盖方式下土壤含水量表现为全程覆盖优于生育期覆盖和CK;全程覆盖方式9000,6000和3000kg/hm2覆盖量处理0～200cm土层平均含水量较生育期覆盖分别提高了11.5%,10.0%和8.0%,较CK分别提高了19.2%,12.9%和8.8%;全程覆盖方式和生育期覆盖方式下,小麦的水分利用效率均以覆盖量为3000kg/hm2处理最大,其中全程覆盖方式的水分利用效率较CK增加了31.5%(P0.05),生育期覆盖方式下2年平均的水分利用效率较CK增加了12.8%(P0.05);不同覆盖量在全程覆盖方式下冬小麦产量较CK增加41.1%～65.7%(P0.05),在生育期覆盖方式下冬小麦产量较CK增加了27.1%～30.2%(P0.05)。【结论】同一秸秆覆盖方式不同覆盖量均可增加冬小麦产量,而同一覆盖量下以全程覆盖方式的增产效果较优;覆盖量为3000kg/hm2时,2种覆盖方式的冬小麦水分利用效率均最大。     

石灰和有效微生物群处理条件下土壤动物群落多样性研究

采用石灰和有效微生物群(Effective Microoganisms,EM)处理改善了大兴安岭森林生态系统土壤微酸性环境和较低的微生物活性特征,于2003~2005年采用网袋分解法,揭示土壤动物群落多样性特征,为土壤动物生态地理研究和森林生态系统管理提供科学依据。研究表明,分解袋内土壤动物多样性对石灰和EM处理的响应表现出以下特征:(1)处理样地土壤动物个体数增加但类群数减少,其中螨类和弹尾类增加明显。(2)石灰和EM处理降低了土壤动物群落的多样性,对应分析表明石灰样地与其他样地有所差异。(3)各样地不同网孔分解袋中土壤动物类群数表现为大孔>中孔>小孔,而个体数基本上为中孔>大孔>小孔,是由于网袋内中小型土壤动物占优势而大型土壤动物数量较少引起的。(4)土壤动物类群数、个体数和多样性指数在针叶和阔叶网袋中响应特征不同,但彼此间没有显著差异。     

秸秆覆盖条件下滨海盐渍土水盐分布及蒸发特征

为了揭示秸秆覆盖滨海盐渍土水盐调控机理,通过室内模拟实验研究了不同秸秆覆盖量(0、0.3、0.6、0.9和1.2 kg/m2分别由CK、秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D表示)对土壤水盐运移和蒸发强度的影响.结果表明,秸秆覆盖可有效提高表层及土壤剖面含水率,且增墒效果随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加:试验期间秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C...     

水保林水源涵养与防止侵蚀效益评价信息系统

密云水库上游水源保持林水源涵养与防止土壤侵蚀效益评价信息系统是以管理信息系统理论为指导,按照信息系统的设计流程研制开发的,为水源保护林水源涵养与防止土壤侵蚀效益评价及预测的专题性系统。     

Comparative productivity of Prosopis cineraria and Tecomella undulata based agroforestry systems in degraded lands of Indian Desert

Tree-crop interactions were monitored by measuring tree growth characters of Prosopis cineraria L. and Tecomella undulata L. and yields of Vigna radiata (L) in agroforestry systems in degraded lands of Indian Desert. Potential competition for resource between the trees and associated crop was analyzed by measuring soil water contents, soil organic matters and NH₄-N at different depths of soil layers i.e., 0–25 cm, 25–50 cm and 50–75 cm in the experimental plots. The plots size were 16 m × 18 m (D₁), 20 m × 18 m (D₂) and 32 m × 18 m (D₃) with tree densities of 208, 138 and 104 trees·ha⁻¹ after June 2002, respectively. Results showed that tree height increased by 3% to 7% during June 2002 to June 2004. Collar diameter increased by 30% and 11% in D₁, 23% and 19% in D₂ and 18% and 36% in D₃ plots, respectively, in P. cineraria and T. undulata in two years period. The increase in crown diameter was 9% to 18% in P. cineraria and 11% to 16% in T. undulata. Tree growth was relatively greater in 2002 than in 2003. Yield of V. radiata increased linearly from D₁ to D₃ plots. Lowest soil water content at 1 m distance from tree base indicated greater utilization of soil water within the tree rooting zone. Concentrations of soil organic matters and NH₄-N were the highest (p<0.05) in 0–25 cm soil layer. P. cineraria was more beneficial than T. undulata in improving soil conditions and increasing crop yield by 11.1% and thus more suitable for its integration in agricultural land. The yield of agricultural crop increased when density of tree species was appropriate (i.e., optimum tree density), though it varied with tree size and depended upon resource availability. The result indicated bio-economic benefits of optimum density of P. cineraria and T. undulata over traditional practices of maintaining random trees in farming system in arid zones. Biography: G. Singh (1961– ), male, Scientist E and Head, Division of Forest Ecology, Arid Forest Research Institute, New Pali Road, Jodhpur-342005, India.     

A Study on Water Exchange in Root Zone of ProtectiveForest Ecosystem in Loess Area

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Changes in soil properties of Abies holophylla and Quercus-dominated stands 4 years after trenching

Abstract

Few studies tried to isolate the influence of plant roots on the soil characteristics including soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage. We evaluated the impact of root trenching on soil characteristics of coniferous (Abies holophylla) and deciduous (Quercus spp.) stands 4 years after trenching. Trenching treatment significantly increased the soil water content and nitrate concentration in both stand types. Soil pH, cation exchange capacity, soil C and N pools and isotopic compositions of C and N were significantly different between two stands, but trenching was not found to have significant impact on these soil properties. Our results indicated that root trenching in coniferous and broad-leaved deciduous forests of temperate region could significantly alter soil moisture regime and inorganic N levels, but not C and N stabilization in soils.