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781.
782.
Mohammad Bahadori Hasan Tofighi 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2016,47(2):213-220
The Walkley-Black (WB) method, because of its simplicity and rapidity, has been widely used during the past 50 years for determination of soil organic carbon (SOC), but one of the main problems with WB method in operation is determination of titration end point by the observer. In the past several years some studies have been done to reduce the human role in determination of titration end point in WB method. In this study, in addition to the routine method of using an indicator for end point determination, a potentiometric and a spectrophotometric method was also employed for end point determination. The results indicated that these two methods are more accurate than the indicator method. Finally, a modified Walkley-Black (MWB) method employing a spectrophotometric procedure was proposed, which is more reproducible, easier in operation, and more economical. 相似文献
783.
针对接触式土壤水分传感器存在对土体破坏大及使用安装、更换困难等问题,设计了一种基于电容法的非接触式土壤水分传感器。借助网络矢量分析仪对传感器环形探头在不同介电常数的有机溶液中进行测量,确定了传感器环形探头电容变化范围为7.08~22.75 p F。选取11种不同电容值高频瓷片分别与102 n H的绕线电感进行并联谐振试验,得到的测试结果与仿真结果的决定系数达到了0.98,检测电路的测量精度能够满足传感器的设计要求。以北京地区粘壤土作为测试样本,对传感器输出与对应的测量值进行了多项式拟合,决定系数达到了0.995 9,系统的稳态与动态性能均能满足土壤水分的检测要求。通过试验分析了温度对传感器输出的影响,将传感器输出结果与温度进行线性拟合,决定系数达到了0.987 9。进一步提出了能量指数Ka,通过试验的方式确定了传感器的纵向影响范围为10 cm,横向影响范围为5 cm。最后对比试验表明,所设计的土壤非接触式水分传感器与国外同类产品性能相当,能够满足土壤非接触式测量的要求,但具有更高的性价比,为同类产品的国产化奠定了基础。 相似文献
784.
Michael Schubert Klaus Freyer Hans-Christian Treutler Holger Weiß 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2001,1(4):217-222
1 The Problem One of the major problems facing risk assessment at polluted industrial sites and military bases is subsurface contamination by non-aqueous phase-liquids (NAPLs), since tracing the extent of a NAPL plume using conventional methods (drive point profiling) is usually associated with difficulties. In an effort to trace subsurface contamination as precisely as possible, monitoring points are placed in the area that might be affected by contaminants, and groundwater and soil samples are taken to the laboratory for analysis. However, the final number of monitoring points is hardly ever sufficient for distinctive contamination mapping, and this may ultimately result in an unsuitable remediation action being taken. 2 Objectives To obtain a more detailed image of a subsurface NAPL plume and, hence, to facilitate remediation measures that are best suited for the site in question, a denser network of monitoring points is desirable. The aim of the investigation described in this paper was therefore to develop a new detection method for subsurface NAPL contamination, which is based on an easily accessibleindicator for NAPLs rather than on the analysis of soil and groundwater samples taken at the site. Based on the good solubility of radon in NAPLs, the idea was put forward that subsurface NAPL contamination should have an influence on the natural radon concentration of the soil gas. Provided this effect is significant, it would be possible to carry out a straightforward radon survey on an appropriate sampling grid covering the suspected site and thus enabling the NAPL contamination to be detected by the localization of anomalous low radon concentrations in the soil. The overall aim of the investigation was to assess the general suitability of the soil-gas radon concentration as an indirect tracer for NAPL contamination in the ground. 3 Methods The partitioning coefficient KNAPL/air is one of the most influential parameters governing the decrease of the radon concentration in the soil gas in the presence of a subsurface NAPL contamination. Since NAPL mixtures such as gasoline, diesel fuel and paraffin are among the most important NAPLs regarding remediation activities, laboratory experiments were performed to determine the radon-partitioning coefficient for these three NAPL mixtures. Field experiments were carried out as well. The aim of the field experiments was to test the use of the soil-gas radon concentration as a tracer for NAPL contamination on-site. For the field experiments, each site was covered with a suitable grid of soil gas sampling points. Finally, the lateral radon distribution pattern achieved on each of the sites was compared to the respective findings of the earlier research performed by conventional means. 4 Results and Discussion The results of the laboratory experiments clearly show a very strong affinity of radon to the NAPL mixtures examined. The partitioning coefficients achieved correspond to those published for pure NAPLs (Clever 1979) and are thus in the expected range. The results of the field experiments showed that the minimum radon concentrations detected match the respective NAPL plumes traced previously. 5 Conclusions Both the results of the lab experiments and the on-site findings demonstrate that the soil-gas radon concentration can be used as an indicator for subsurface NAPL contamination. The investigation showed that NAPL-contaminated soil volumes give rise to anomalous low soil-gas radon concentrations in the close vicinity of the contamination. The reason for this decrease in the soil-gas radon concentration is the good solubility of radon in NAPLs, which enables the NAPLs to accumulate and ‘trap’ part of the radon available in the soil pores. 6 Recommendations and Outlook Further research is required into contamination with rather volatile NAPLs such as BTEX. Further research is also needed to examine whether it is possible to not only localize a NAPL plume, but also to obtain some quantitative information about the subsurface NAPL contamination. The authors also believe that additional investigations should be carried out to study the ability of the method to not just localize a NAPL contamination, but also to monitor on-site, clean-up measures. 相似文献
785.
786.
通过在辽宁省章古台试验区对沙地不同密度樟子松林地土壤水分垂直变化规律的研究,结果表明:该地区樟子松林分不论密度大小,雨季土壤含水量整体上明显高于春季;不同林分密度的樟子松林土壤水分含量在不同时期不同层次有所不同,春季试验地各层土壤的含水量从上到下大体上呈下降趋势,北试验地0～60cm层次土壤含水量下降的比较明显,南试验地在60～100cm层次间出现了急剧下降的情况;雨季0～40cm土层间,试验地土壤水分含量都呈上升趋势,40～150cm这几个层次间,试验地土壤含水量均呈下降趋势,且在40～100cm的层次上2试验地下降的幅度都比较大。 相似文献
787.
788.
微生物菌肥对盐渍化土壤中盐分离子及有机质含量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了研究微生物菌肥对盐渍化土壤的修复效果,本文采用室内培养试验,考察JFB菌剂和EM菌剂对采自山东省东营市的滨海盐渍化土壤盐分离子及有机质的影响。结果表明,处理10~50d期间,有机肥对Na+降低效果明显,与对照相比降低0.3~0.39g/kg;对K+的影响则与Na~+相反,与对照相比上升0.26~0.46g/kg;有机肥及菌剂添加后Ca~(2+)较对照均有上升;Mg~(2+)与对照相比的下降效果和Na+相似;有机肥及菌剂添加后Cl~-与对照相比降低至0.96~1.64g/kg;SO_4~(2-)的影响和Cl~-相反,与对照相比除第30天处理以外均有所上升。处理10~70d期间,有机肥及菌剂添加后有机质与对照相比上升1.28~5.51g/kg。由此可见,微生物菌肥对土壤离子及有机质具有明显的调节作用,本研究可为盐渍化土壤的修复提供科学依据。 相似文献
789.
Fatemeh Rahbar Alam Shirazi Farzin Shahbazi Hossein Rezaei Asim Biswas 《Soil Use and Management》2023,39(2):948-974
Understanding the vertical and lateral distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic carbon density (SOCD) is indispensable for soil use and environmental management because of their vital role in soil quality assessments. Primarily, they are needed in calculating soil organic carbon storage (SOCS). The objective of this research was to provide digital maps of SOC and SOCD variation as well as their uncertainties at multiple standardized depths (H1: 0–5, H2: 5–15, H3: 15–30, H4: 30–60 and H5: 60–100 cm) using a parsimonious model with optimized terrain-related attributes and satellite-derived data. SOCS were evaluated at soil subgroup levels. An area of about 808 km2 with varying elevation, plant cover and lithology from the Miandoab region, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran was selected as a case study area. A total of 386 soil samples were collected from 104 profiles comprising various soil genetic horizons. A continuous spline function was then fitted to the target properties in advance of creating a dataset at five standard depth intervals (following the GlobalSoilMap project). These were then grouped into three classes including top (H1), middle (H2, H3 and H4) and bottom (H5) depths to ease interpretation. Static and dynamic covariates (30-m resolution) were derived from a digital elevation model (DEM) and a suite of Landsat-8 spectral imageries, respectively. Four candidate models including stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), random forest (RF), cubist (CU) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) Tree were tested in this study. Finally, the digital maps at 30-m resolution of SOC and SOCD and their uncertainties were prepared using the best-fit model and the bootstrapping method, respectively. Four soil subgroups (Gypsic Haploxerepts, Typic Calcixerepts, Typic Haploxerepts and Xeric Haplocalcids) were identified across the study area. The covariates had variable contributions on the evaluated models. The XGBoost Tree model generally outperformed other models for prediction of SOC and SOCD (R2 = 0.60, on average). Regardless of soil subgroups, the uncertainty analysis showed that the SOCD map had a low prediction interval range value indicating high accuracy. Additionally, the highest SOCS and SOCD was observed at the top followed by middle and bottom depths in the study area. All subgroups exhibited a decreasing trend of SOCD with increasing depth. A similar trend was also observed for SOCS. The highest SOCD (on average) was observed in Gypsic Haploxerepts (4.71 kg C/m2) followed by Typic Calcixerepts (4.46 kg C/m2), Typic Haploxerepts (4.45 kg C/m2) and Xeric Haplocalcids (4.40 kg C/m2). Overall, the SOCS normalized by area within soil order boundaries was greater in Inceptisols than Aridisols across the study area. The findings of this study provide critical information for sustainable management of soil resources in the area for agricultural production and environmental health in the Miandoab region of Iran. 相似文献
790.
ZHANG Xinyu XIE Juan YANG Fengting DONG Wenyi DAI Xiaoqin YANG Yang SUN Xiaomin 《土壤圈》2018,28(3):488-496
Mineral nutrient inputs to soil may alter microbial activity and consequently influence the accumulation of microbial residues. In this study, we investigated the effects of application rates and ratios of mineral fertilizers on the microbial residue carbon(MRC) of reddish paddy soils after long-term(15-year) fertilizer applications in southern China. Contents of three soil amino sugars as microbial residue contents were determined and MRC were calculated based on amino sugars. Results showed that three individual amino sugar contents increased as fertilizer application rates increased until maximum values were reached at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). The three amino sugar contents then declined significantly under the highest mineral fertilizer application rate of 675-88-280 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). In addition, to enhance the microbial residue contents, it was more beneficial to double P(N:P:K= 1:0.26:0.41) in fertilizers applied to the P-deficient reddish paddy soils than to double either N(N:P:K = 2:0.13:0.41) or K(N:P:K= 1:0.13:0.82). The contents of the three individual amino sugars and microbial residues under different fertilizer application rates and ratios were significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon(SOC), total N, total P, and p H. Increases in values of the fungal C to bacterial C ratios showed that soil organic matter(SOM) stability increased because of the fertilizer applications over the past 15 years. The contents and ratios of amino sugars can be used as indicators to evaluate the impact of mineral fertilizer applications on SOM dynamics in subtropical paddy soils. The results indicated that fertilizer applications at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K) may improve crop yields, SOC contents, and SOC stability in subtropical paddy soils. 相似文献