Comparison of uptake of different N forms by soil microorganisms and two wet-grassland plants: A pot study

Two common plant species of temperate wet grasslands, Carex acuta and Glyceria maxima, were tested for their preferences in the uptake of different nitrogen (N) sources (amino acid, ammonium, nitrate) and their ability to compete for these sources with soil microorganisms. The experiment was a one-day incubation study with plants growing in soil obtained from the field, which was supplied with a solution containing the three N sources, one at a time labeled with ¹⁵N. The bulk of the N demand of both species was covered by nitrate-N, which was the dominant N form in the soil at the time of the experiment. Ammonium-N was taken up less strongly, and organic N formed only a negligible part of their nutrition. The assimilated inorganic N was preferentially transported to apical meristem of the youngest leaf, while organic N remained mostly in the roots. The fast-growing Glyceria took up more N and was a better competitor vis-à-vis soil microbes for rarer N forms than Carex. However, both plants were poor competitors for N vis-à-vis soil microbes, irrespective of the N form. Microbes took up nitrate ca. five times faster and organic N more than a hundred times faster than plants. Correspondingly, the calculated turnover time of microbial N was 17 days, compared to 40 days for N in plant roots. A significant amount of added ¹⁵N was found at non-exchangeable sites in the soil, which points to the importance of microbial N transformation and abiotic N fixation for N retention in soil. In summary, the preferential assimilation of inorganic N by the wetland plants studied here and their poor ability to compete for N with soil microbes over the short term agree with the results of studies carried out with other species from temperate grasslands.     

烟杆生物炭对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤理化性状及玉米生长的影响

为明确施用生物炭对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤水分保持及肥力提升的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同生物炭施用量(0,10,20,30,50g/kg(以风干土计))对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤理化性状及玉米生长的影响。结果表明:在种植玉米一季后,施用生物炭可显著降低复配土壤容重,尤其当生物炭施用量达到30g/kg时,土壤容重可降低至1.37g/cm3,但当生物炭施用量增加到50g/kg时,土壤容重又出现增加的趋势;土壤田间持水量随生物炭施用量的增加呈显著增加趋势,但当施用量增加到50g/kg时又会出现下降趋势;土壤pH、全盐量随生物炭添加量的增加显著增加,尤其当生物炭添加量为50g/kg时,土壤pH可达8.80,全盐量可达2.51g/kg;土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量也随生物炭施用量的增加而显著增加,但有效磷在生物炭施用量增加至50g/kg时出现下降趋势。进一步分析不同生物炭处理对玉米生物量的影响,发现玉米根干重、地上部分干重、百粒重、单株产量均随生物炭施用量的增加呈显著增加趋势,但当生物炭施用量增加到50g/kg时,上述各指标反而显著降低。生物炭对于砒砂岩与沙复配土壤理化性状、水分保持、肥力提升、作物生长及产量等诸多方面都有明显改善效果,在施用过程中需要注意使用量,在本试验条件下,生物炭推荐施用量为30g/kg干土。     

县域“旱改水”项目遴选布局方法与实证研究

从分析遂溪县\"旱改水\"建设适宜性和空间稳定性入手,提出了基于耦合协调度模型和冷热点分析方法的\"旱改水\"建设项目遴选布局方法。结果表明,遂溪县开展\"旱改水\"建设潜力较大,其中高、中适宜区占耕地总面积的81.08%,主要分布在中东部乡镇;稳定性与适宜性的空间分布差异显著,高稳定性地块主要集中在北坡镇和广前公司,在其余乡镇也有分布;容易改造地块占耕地总面积的41.04%,主要分布在北坡镇、界炮镇、杨柑镇和广前公司等,该类耕地自然禀赋较好、基础设施完备,并且与城镇、交通干线有一定距离,建设占用的可能性较小;\"旱改水\"建设适宜性和空间稳定性耦合协调的热点区主要分布在杨柑镇、北坡镇、界炮镇和广前公司等中部乡镇,是\"旱改水\"项目布局的优先选择区域;结合研究区实际,确定遂溪县\"十三五\"期间\"旱改水\"建设区总面积462.75 hm2。该研究为科学遴选、布局\"旱改水\"建设项目提供了方法借鉴。     

小麦秸秆生物质炭添加对第四纪红壤CO2和N2O排放的影响

生物质炭具有含碳量高、吸附性强、不易分解等特点,农田施用生物质炭被认为是一种新型的土壤固碳和温室气体减排措施。本研究以第四纪红色粘土母质发育的红壤为对象,添加不同量的小麦秸秆生物质炭(0、0.5%、1%、2%和2.5%w/w),以不添加生物质炭处理为对照,在25℃恒温,保持田间持水量稳定的条件下,进行60 d的室内培养,通过测定培养期间土壤CO_2和N_2O排放与相关土壤性质,分析其动态变化,探讨生物质炭添加对红壤CO_2和N_2O排放的影响及其机制。结果表明,生物质炭添加极显著的影响CO_2和N_2O排放(P0.01)。在培养期的前15 d,尤其是前2 d,与对照相比,生物质炭添加促进了CO_2排放,且随着添加量的增加而增加,这与生物质炭本身含有的可溶性有机碳分解和无机碳释放有关。与CO_2排放相反,在培养期的前10 d,生物质炭添加较对照降低了N_2O排放。这是由于生物质炭吸附土壤中的NH4+-N,降低了硝化过程产生的N_2O排放所致。在培养期的15~60 d,与对照相比,各生物质炭处理均显著降低了CO_2的排放(P0.05),降幅达8.2%~18.4%。培养10 d之后,与对照相比,生物质炭增加了土壤N_2O排放。从整个培养期来看,与对照相比,生物质炭添加促进了CO_2(0.5%生物质炭处理显著降低,P0.05)和N_2O排放,增幅分别为-6.3%~18.7%和16.9%~58.5%。研究表明,在室内培养条件下小麦秸秆生物质炭添加促进了第四纪红壤的CO_2和N_2O排放,该结果可以为田间条件下应用生物质炭作为减排措施提供参考。     

辽西地区覆膜条件对不同土层土壤氮磷钾累积量的影响

为了探明覆膜技术对辽西半干旱区土壤氮磷钾累积量及其剖面分布状况的影响,本试验以农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站为研究平台,设置裸地种植、春季覆膜、秋季覆膜3种处理,通过对土壤剖面各层次全量氮、磷、钾的测定,定量分析辽西半干旱区覆膜条件下土壤全量养分含量及剖面分布差异,结果表明:不同覆膜处理对土壤全量氮、磷、钾累积量影响各不相同。2种覆膜处理可有效提高0～40 cm土层土壤全氮和全磷累积量,与裸地相比,春覆膜与秋覆膜处理可使土壤全氮提高34.4%和21.0%,秋覆膜处理可使全磷累积量提高17.0%。40～60 cm土层,裸地处理全氮、全磷累积量显著高于覆膜处理,其中全氮累积量较春覆膜处理提高65.7%,且为秋覆膜处理的2.16倍;全磷累积则表现为裸地种植比春覆膜和秋覆膜处理分别提高44.2%和39.4%。不同处理间全钾含量差异显著,总体表现为秋覆膜春覆膜裸地。3种处理土壤养分的剖面分布规律也各不相同,覆膜处理土壤全氮和全磷随剖面深度的增加呈逐渐减少的规律,而不覆膜处理则呈现先减少再增加的趋势;不同处理土壤全钾的剖面分布规律相似,即随剖面加深全钾含量均无显著变化,即使是表层土壤也未显示出全钾聚集的特征。     

施氮量对稻季氨挥发特点与氮素利用的影响

 在砂土和黏土两种土壤类型上,研究了施氮量对田面水NH4+ N浓度、氨挥发损失量、水稻产量、氮肥利用效率和土壤剖面氮素含量的影响。施氮后田面水NH4+ N浓度和氨挥发量都随着施氮量的增加而增加,且在施氮后1~3 d达到峰值,黏土要低于砂土;氨挥发损失量为分蘖肥时期＞倒4叶穗肥期＞基肥时期＞倒2叶穗肥期;黏土上稻季氨挥发总损失量为10.49~87.06 kg/hm2,占施氮量的10.92％~21.76％;砂土上稻季氨挥发总损失量为11.32~102.43 kg/hm2,占施氮量的11.32％~25.61％;施氮后氨挥发峰值和田面水铵态氮峰值同步出现,以分蘖肥时期最大,两者比值范围为23.76％~3365％;随着施氮量的增加,水稻产量增加,氮素积累量也增加,而氮肥利用效率降低;黏土上的水稻产量和氮素积累量要略高于砂土上的;土壤氮素含量在土壤深度40~50 cm处最低,相应各层土壤氮素含量随着施氮量的增加而提高,黏土要高于砂土。从氨挥发损失的角度来看,当施氮量超过250 kg/hm2时,氨挥发损失总量将跃增; 而从水稻获得高产的角度来看,施氮量应为300 kg/hm2左右,因此,试验条件下水稻高产且环境安全的适宜施氮量为250~300 kg/hm2。     

Soil Properties Influence Distribution of Extractable Boron in Soil Profile

Depth distribution of boron (B) extractable by hot calcium chloride (HCC), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (PDP), and tartaric acid (TA) in some typical B‐deficient Inceptisols, Entisols, and Alfisols in relation to soil properties was studied. The magnitude of B extraction followed the order HCC > PDP > TA for Inceptisols, TA > HCC > PDP for Entisols, and PDP > HCC > TA for Alfisols and showed a decrease along soil depth. The low pH of TA and effective desorption of B by phosphate of PDP are attributed to their higher efficiency in extracting B in Entisols and Alfisols, respectively. A decrease in organic carbon (C), clay, and amorphous iron oxide content was responsible for the observed decrease in extractable B along depth of soil profile. The HCC showed more efficiency than PDP and TA for extracting B in soils high in organic C. Multiple regression equations explained only 21, 57, and 59% of the variability in PDP‐, HCC‐, and TA‐extractable B content in soils by the soil properties analyzed, of which organic C and clay were the most important. There were dynamic equilibria among the amount of B extracted by the extractants, indicating B extraction by them from more or less similar pools in the soils.     

江苏省土壤钾素平衡与解决缺钾的途径

随着江苏省农业生产的发展，土壤钾素越来越入不敷出，土壤钾素含量下降，平均每年下降２．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ。本文从土壤钾素平衡入手，分析了江苏土壤钾素收支情况，针对钾肥资源十分紧缺的现状，提出解决缺钾的途径。     

中亚热带侵蚀黄壤坡地润楠次生林的群落结构特征

为了探讨中亚热带侵蚀黄壤坡地植被恢复模式的群落结构,以武陵山区女儿寨小流域为例,运用群落生态学的研究方法对润楠次生林的垂直层次结构、种群水平分布格局、乔木层直径与树高分布结构进行了研究.结果表明:润楠次生林群落层次结构分化明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层及层外植物4个基本层次,物种数量排序为灌木层(23种)草本层(19种)乔木层(16种).乔、灌、草重要值在10以上的主要种群有7个,其水平分布格局以聚集分布占绝对优势,占主要种群的71.43%.β分布和r分布能较好地模拟乔木层直径与树高分布结构,径阶与树高分布曲线反映乔木层中小径阶、矮小林木占多数.多数种群的聚集分布有利于促进黄壤坡地的植被恢复与重建过程,但润楠次生林林分质量较低,应辅之以积极的人工措施来改善群落结构,以充分发挥其坡地水土流失治理等功能.     

塔里木河上游典型绿洲连作棉田土壤酶活性与其理化性质的相关性分析

以新疆塔里木河上游阿拉尔垦区连作棉田为典型样区,采集了0—20cm表层的不同年限连作棉田的土样,分析了5种土壤酶活性和7种土壤理化性质,并结合通径分析讨论了各因子之间的关系。结果表明,不同耕作年限棉田土壤酶活性和理化性质差异性显著。通径分析显示全氮是影响该地区土壤酶活性的直接主导因子,pH值对土壤酶活性存在极显著负效应。土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾以及土壤水分间接作用于土壤酶活性。土壤容重可能不是影响该地区土壤酶活性的主要因素。