大气O3浓度升高对麦田土壤重金属铜生物有效性和生理毒性的影响

在开放式空气O3浓度增加（FACE）平台下,采用盆栽试验,初步研究了O3浓度升高后麦田重金属Cu的生物有效性变化以及对各生长阶段小麦叶片生理毒性的影响。结果表明,在FACE条件下,小麦地上部对Cu的吸收相比于正常大气对应组有增加的现象;与正常大气对应组相比,FACE条件下土壤中有效态Cu的含量也有所增加;随着小麦的生长发育,FACE圈小麦叶片内的MDA含量总体呈上升趋势,O3升高铜污染组的小麦叶片内MDA的含量最高;与正常大气对照组相比,O3升高铜污染组的小麦叶片SOD酶和POD酶比较敏感,在分蘖期其活性受到诱导,但随着暴露时间的增加,抗氧化系统的各个酶的活性逐渐受到抑制。O3加剧了Cu对小麦的牛理胁迫．增加了Cu的牛物有效性。     

小兴安岭地区的水土流失及其防治

小兴安岭地区总面积１１．５万ｋｍ２,其中林地面积８．１２万ｋｍ２。据卫片解译和实地调查,该地区水土流失灾害日趋严重。主要原因是超采过伐、采伐方式不当造成林地面积锐减,采矿、筑路等破坏地表植被和农区耕作制度不合理。应坚持以营林为基础,培育保护发展森林资源;深化改革,加快荒山绿化和采伐迹地更新,发展木材深加工和综合利用,提高林业生产效益;严禁陡坡开荒和毁林开荒,推广保土耕作技术措施;加强法制,建立健全水土保持监督执法体系,防治水土流失。     

泾川县水土保持综合治理与农业生产结构关系研究

用层次分析法就泾川县水土保持综合治理和经济开发措施与农业生产结构间的关系进行研究,结果如下:六项措施的优先次序为:果业工程(0.279)>经济开发(0.190)>坡改梯工程(0.171)>牧草工程(0.140)>防护林工程(0.124)>拦蓄工程(0.096).农、林、牧、果用地比例从1990年前的4.9:3.4:0.8:0.9发展到1995年的3.3:4.2:0.9:1.6,农业生产结构趋向合理化。果树业收入由1990年的0.53亿元发展到期末的3.3亿元,林果业已经发展成为泾川县的一大支柱产业.农民人均纯收入从1990年的509.50元增加到1995年的914.00元。     

水土保持与生态建设专业人才培养方案的优化设计

针对现阶段水土保持专业人才培养方案的缺限和教育相对滞后于我国经济及城市化快速发展的实践,提出了水土保持专业人才培养方案的改革思路和优化设计方法,以及优化设计后的人才培养方案实施。如此培养出来的水土保持与生态建设专业人才,将更能适应行业的市场需求、适应社会的岗位需求。因此,该方案的优化设计具有一定的指导意义和现实意义。     

用振动挤淤法处理标准海堤的软土地基

以淤泥类软土的动力特性为基础发展起来的振动挤淤法,在标准海堤软土地基处理中有其独特的实用性。根据海堤的工程特点,分析了振动挤淤法在处理海堤软土地基的必要性和可行性。并着重阐述了振动挤淤法中3个关键施工参数的理论分析和工程实践,这3个参数包括：基础埋深,最小垫层厚度,施工机械作业参数。     

Soil Phosphorus and Potassium Mapping Using a Spatial Correlation Model Incorporating Terrain Slope Gradient

Variable-rate fertilizer application requires knowledge of the spatial distribution of soil nutrients within fields. Grid soil sampling might be used for acquiring this information, but is often too expensive for resolving spatial patterns in soil nutrients at the scale of precision fertilizer application. The objective of this study was to determine whether grid sampling efficiency can be improved using cokriging estimates with slope gradient as a secondary variable, which is easily obtained from high-resolution digital elevation models. Soils in two northern Montana wheat fields were sampled at the nodes of a 100-m diagonal grid. Soil test phosphorus and potassium maps were constructed with kriging and cokriging. Co-kriging uses the spatial correlation between two variables to predict for the less intensively sampled variable of interest, often with less estimation error than a univariate method such as kriging. The average estimation variance for cokriging compared to kriging was reduced for all values of the correlation considered. The additional complexity of cokriging might be justified provided a secondary variable exists that is spatially cross correlated with the primary variable of interest.     

Survey of Nutrient Status in Vitis vinifera Grapes in North Carolina

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) production is a rapidly growing industry in North Carolina; however, no local-research-based information is available to support nutrient-management decisions. Field studies were initiated to survey soil and plant nutrient status over a wide range in geography and management conditions in the dominant V. vinifera regions in North Carolina. While the survey data are still being analyzed, significant information was initially obtained to identify aluminum toxicity and phosphorus and potassium deficiency as potential limiting factors to vine health and productivity. Field studies were initiated to quantify soil test and plant nutrient responses to lime, phosphorus, and potassium rates. Responses to phosphorus and potassium application were observed at most sites predicted by soil tests. However, lime responses were not observed in either petiole or blade samples collected at full bloom or veraison. These studies will be continued until sufficient response data are collected to establish soil test and plant nutrient diagnostic criteria for efficient nutrient management of V. vinifera in North Carolina.     

秸秆混肥还田机设计与试验

东北地区玉米秸秆产量大,秋季玉米收获后可还田作业时间短、秸秆腐烂慢,为秸秆还田带来困难。为满足东北地区秸秆快速还田和腐烂要求,研制了一种秸秆混肥还田机,可将粉碎秸秆或站立秸秆切碎收集,并与N肥混合后被输送到还田机的一侧,或成条堆放在田间,或喂入到由铧式犁开出垄沟内。利用三维软件SolidWorks对秸秆粉碎捡拾和输送装置进行了参数设计和实体建模,利用有限元ANSYS Workbench对所设计的粉碎刀进行静力学分析验证了其结构的合理性,并通过分析粉碎刀的秸秆粉碎过程和运动轨迹确定了当粉碎刀受力最小时的最佳排列方式。试验结果表明:当秸秆粉碎捡拾装置转速为2250r/min、还田机前进速度为1.27m/s时,秸秆还田率为95%,秸秆剪切长度合格率为95.5%,秸秆混肥不均匀度为20.5%,作业性能达到了设计要求,可为秸秆混肥还田机的改进设计提供参考。     

Agricultural Polymers Revisited: Salinity Interactions and Soil-Water Conservation

A synthetic superabsorbent polymer used to improve water-holding capacity of soils was investigated. Two water qualities, two irrigation intervals, and two application rates were administered to 24 treated soil columns. Polymer absorbance of water was proportional with time but inversely proportional to salinity levels. After a threshold period, which was longer for the lower water application rate, cumulative evaporation (E = √ct) increased with decrease in irrigation interval and the type of amendments added in order of control > peat moss > the absorbent copolymer. The value of c was largely determined by the water application rate and the type of the soil amendment. Salt and moisture distributions were governed by the amount of water conserved. Peat moss was more effective in leaching salts. The quantity of water applied per irrigation, rather than cumulative amount, seemed to affect water conservation, whereas the cumulative amount of water affected electrical conductivity–sodium absorption ratio (EC-SAR) distributions.     

Improving Soil Fertility to Support Grass–Legume Revegetation on Lignite Mine Spoils

The short-term sequential effects of different treatments on soil fertility and revegetation of mine spoils were examined in a lignite mine in northwestern Spain. Experimental plots were established both on old and recent spoils after tillage and treated with compost or nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), + magnesium limestone before seeding with a grass–legume species mixture. Compost improved plant production and, contrary to NPK, maintained soil N levels and supplied enough P for the establishment and early growth of the vegetation. Severe magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and K limitations in recent spoils were only alleviated by compost + magnesium limestone, allowing the rapid growth and coating of the soil surface. The amendment based on NPK + magnesium limestone improved plant production in the short term but caused proliferation of weeds. Results suggest that revegetation in combination with the appropriate amendments is a key issue for the reclamation of lignite mine spoils.