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651.
We evaluate the use of signature fatty acids and direct hyphal counts as tools to detect and quantify arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and saprotrophic fungal (SF) biomass in three Hawaiian soils along a natural soil fertility gradient. Phospholipids16:1ω5c and 18:2ω6,9c were used as an index of AM and saprotrophic fungal biomass, respectively. Both phospholipid analysis and hyphal length indicated that the biomass of AMF was greatest at the highest fertility site, and lowest where phosphorus limits plant growth. Saprotrophic fungal biomass did not vary. Hyphal length counts appeared to under-estimate SF abundance, while the phospholipid AMF:SF ratio was in line with expectations. This study indicates that phospholipids may be a valuable and reliable tool for studying the abundance, distribution, and interactions between AM and saprotrophic fungi in soil. 相似文献
652.
653.
为了解土壤养分与毛竹生长的相关性,对安徽头陀镇的垦复毛竹纯林、未垦复毛竹纯林和竹阔混交林
进行调查研究。结果表明院不同毛竹林生长及其生产力差异明显,平均胸径10.02耀12.35 cm,立竹度0.28耀0.49,该区
的生产力属中等偏低,总生物量大小依次为院垦复毛竹纯林（96.50 t/hm2）>竹阔混交林（81.39 t/hm2）>未垦复毛竹纯林
（78.17 t/hm2）。垦复毛竹纯林和竹阔混交林的各组分生物量大小依次为院竹杆>竹鞭>竹根>竹叶>竹枝;而未垦复毛竹
纯林为院竹杆>竹枝>竹鞭>竹根>竹叶。不同林分下,各样地土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随土层深度的
加深而降低,同一土层中养分含量差异显著。相关分析显示,不同毛竹林总生物量与土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷存在
不同程度的正相关;平均胸径与0耀20 cm 土层有机质和速效磷呈显著正相关;立竹度仅与0耀20 cm 土层有机质呈正
相关。说明土壤有机质含量是影响毛竹生产力的关键因素。 相似文献
654.
Soil degradation in the highlands of Ethiopia is a serious problem that threatens the sustainability of agriculture. Although efforts have been made to develop and promote several soil conservation technologies, their adoption has not been widespread. This study, based on responses from a sample of 101 households which operate on 204 plots in Western Ethiopia, interviewed in 2003 cropping year, employed a Tobit model to identify the main factors influencing farmers' decision to adopt and intensify the use of improved and indigenous soil and water conservation (SWC) measures. The results suggest that area of cultivated land, land/labour ratio, age and education level of household head and distance of the plot from home and slope of the plot provided statistically adequate predictive power on the use and intensity of SWC measures. These results are discussed and their implications for conservation programs are presented in the conclusion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
655.
Shiveshwar Pratap Singh Room Singh Mukesh Prasad Singh Vijay Prasad Singh 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(4):618-632
A field experiment was conducted at farmer's field in Mollisols of Tarai soils in Uttarakhand (India), to assess the direct and residual effect of sulfur fertilization in wheat-soybean cropping sequence. Four levels of sulfur (S; 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha?1) were applied to main crop (wheat) along with recommended dose of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K). The direct and residual effect of sulfur at highest level showed 27 and 6 percent increase in grain yield of wheat and soybean over control, respectively. The increase in grain yield of wheat was significant at each sulfur level. The direct as well as residual effect of sulfur showed significant increase in sulfur concentration and its uptake by grain and straw except increase in sulfur concentration and uptake by soybean straw. In wheat-soybean cropping sequence, the agronomic efficiency and apparent sulfur recovery decreased with increase in levels of sulfur, but the percent response increased with increasing sulfur application. Different forms of sulfur such as total sulfur, organic sulfur, calcium chloride extractable sulfur, potassium dihydrogen phosphate extractable sulfur, and non-sulfate sulfur in post-harvest soil increased according to sulfur level applied but it decreased under control and also after residual crops. The buildup of sulfur in surface soils was greater than in the deeper soils. Application of sulfur showed the positive sulfur balance and it increased with increase in sulfur level, while it was negative under control. A major portion (46–62%) of applied sulfur contributed to increase in sulfur content of root zone soil followed by unaccounted component (25–40%) and small portion (11–18%) was absorbed by wheat plant as uptake. 相似文献
656.
657.
《Land Degradation u0026amp; Development》2018,29(6):2025-2035
From ancient times until recently, mining and metallurgical activities in the greater Lavrion area, Greece, have resulted in the production of large amounts of metal wastes that enrich the surrounding soils with toxic metal(loid)s. Since the area is inhabited, soil dust inhalation, consumption of vegetables grown on the contaminated soils, and of dairy products from small ruminants grazing in the area, may impose a real threat for the health of the local residents. After more than 3,000 years of mining history, this study is the first report on the chemical partitioning and behavior of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, and As in the topsoils (0–15 cm) of Lavrion. Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction was applied to 29 topsoil samples and 4 chemical fractions of the studied elements were defined (a) exchangeable/acid soluble (F1), (b) reducible (F2), (c) oxidisable (F3), and (d) residual (RF). Total concentrations of all elements were above the geochemical background. Zinc, Pb, Cd, and As median total concentration values were 4, 9, 1.4, and 17 times higher than the respective intervention thresholds, indicating severe soil pollution. Most of Cd (78.2%), Pb (69.7%), and Zn (53.3%) were found in F1 + F2 sum, suggesting high availability under modified conditions that periodically can occur in soils. Copper, Ni, As, and Cr were mainly associated with the residual fraction. Principal component analysis results showed that F2 fraction of all studied elements was associated to Fe oxides, confirming the crucial role of Fe oxides in metal(loid)s sequestration in the soil matrix. 相似文献
658.
Organic amendment is a proved method of improving soil physical properties thus affecting runoff and soil erosion. Urban wastes are a potential source of organic matter and their use would also be a convenient way of disposing of them. A field experiment was conducted from October 1988 to September 1993 in a semiarid Mediterranean site to determine the effect of applying several rates (65, 130, 195 and 260 Mg ha−1) of organic urban solid refuse (USR) on total runoff and soil loss. At the lowest rate, total runoff decreased by 67 per cent compared to the control plot. The decrease was 98 per cent when the highest rate was used. The lowest rate reduced total sediment loss by 81 per cent and the highest rate of 99 per cent. The decrease in soil erodibility at the different USR rates varied from 76 to 95 per cent depending on the year for the lowest rate and between 90 and 99 per cent for the other rates. Clear differences in the hydrologic and erosion responses were found between the eight initial rainfall events (during the first 10 months of the experiment) and the remainder of the events. The causes of such differences were due to the initial tillage of the soil by rotovation and the growth of natural vegetation in the treated plots. The mechanical effect of tillage reduced runoff and increased soil erodibility, although the effect was short‐lived. The addition of USR reduced runoff but lasted longer. An applied rate of 90–100 Mg ha−1 could be considered suitable for application in semiarid zones. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
659.
660.
Kazuhiro HARA Hideki WATABE Shinji SASAZAKI Fumio MUKAI Hideyuki MANNEN 《Animal Science Journal》2010,81(2):152-157
This study describes the development of efficient single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for individual identification and parentage tests in a Japanese Black cattle population. An amplified fragment length polymorphism method was employed to detect informative candidate markers, and yielded 44 SNP markers from 220 primer combinations. 29 unlinked SNPs were finally selected as diagnostic markers. The allelic frequencies for each marker were estimated by using PCR‐RFLP in the Japanese Black population. Based on the frequency data, the estimated identity power of these markers was 2.73 × 10?12. Parentage exclusion probabilities, when both suspected parents' genotypes were known and when only one suspected parent was genotyped, were estimated as 0.96929 and 0.99693, respectively. This panel of SNP markers is theoretically sufficient for individual identification, and would also be a powerful tool for a parentage test in Japanese Black cattle. The markers could contribute to the management of the beef industry in Japan. 相似文献