Molecular Aspect of Al Tolerance in Crop Plants: Novel Al-Activated Malate Transporter Gene in Wheat Roots

Aluminum (Al) is a major element in the soil; 30–40% of arable land is acidic. Solubilized Al ion in acid soils inhibits root elongation. Intensive research on the Al tolerance mechanism has been conducted in the past few decades. Mechanism of Al tolerance can be classified into Al exclusion mechanism and intracellular tolerance mechanism. Efflux of organic acids from roots upon receiving the Al signal is the major Al exclusion mechanism. Efflux of organic acids through the channel in the plasma membrane was confirmed, and the gene specifically encoding malate transporter in Al-tolerant wheat was discovered recently. The regulatory mechanism in the efflux of organic acids upon protein phosphorylation may be operative. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their scavenging system are thought to be important in the intracellular tolerance mechanism.     

潜土逆旋旋耕机刀片运动及功耗分析

针对目前我国耕地普遍存在的犁底层问题,推荐应用潜土逆旋旋耕机,以打破犁底层、加深耕作层。借助建立数学模型分析逆旋刀的运动情况,阐述其优势;借助半经验公式分析潜土逆旋的功率消耗,并对影响旋耕机功耗的因素进行说明,以期为设计合理的潜土逆旋旋耕机提供理论支持。     

华亭县土石山区水土流失控制技术与效益研究

华亭县土石山区属黄河流域多沙粗沙区,该区生态环境脆弱,水土流失严重,在该区开展小流域水土流失控制技术与效益研究,对促进黄土高原小流域生态建设有重要意义。该文采用统计分析的方法,通过对七条典型小流域的泥沙来源、土壤侵蚀量和治理措施分布的时空顺序的分析研究,得出在治理模式不同,在治理程度相近的情况下,其水保效益差异显著。建立良好的生态环境是经济社会发展的基础,水土保持是土石山区生态环境建设和新农村建设的基础。     

Can soil moisture deficit be used to forecast when soils are at high risk of damage owing to grazing animals?

A potentially significant cause of damage to grassland soils is compaction of unsaturated soil and poaching of saturated or nearly saturated soil by animal hooves. Damage is caused when an applied stress is in excess of the bearing strength of the soil and results in a loss of soil structure, macroporosity and air or water conductivity. Severely damaged soils can cause reduced grassland productivity and make grazing management very difficult for the farmer. The actual amount of soil damage that can occur during grazing is dependent on the grass cover which acts as a protecting layer, the soil water content and the characteristics of the grazing animal (weight and hoof size). Assuming that the farmer is knowledgeable about the characteristics of the grazing animal and grass cover, it would be very useful for short‐term operational farm planning to be able to predict when soil water contents were likely to be in a critical range with respect to potential hoof damage. In this study soil moisture deficits (SMDs) which can be derived from meteorological forecasts are evaluated for predicting when soil water conditions are likely to lead to hoof damage. Two contrasting Irish grassland soils were analysed using a Hounsfield servo‐mechanical vertical testing machine to simulate static (285.4 N) and dynamic (571 N) hoof loads on the soil over a range of estimated SMDs (0, 5, 10 and 20 mm). The deficits were analysed with respect to the soil volumetric water content, compression (displacement) and change in dry bulk density. The SMDs imposed in the laboratory were similar to those under field conditions and thus the methods used in this study are applicable elsewhere. The change in dry bulk density following loading (0.2–0.7 g/cm³) was linearly related to SMD (R² ranged from 0.90 to 0.99), leading to the conclusion that a forecast of SMD can be used to predict when grassland soils are likely to be at risk of damage from grazing.     

用土层有效贮水量来规范农作物的灌溉

用土壤的农业水学特性。如土壤质地、土壤容量、最低田间含水量和萎蔫下的土壤含水量对作物灌溉的规范化进行了研究。结果发现,如果考虑作物的灌溉制度,同有效贮水量决定的土层中的灌溉前含水量为一常数,即在有效植物生长期之间,土层中的灌溉前含水量的５０％,而有有效生长期则为７０％。土层有效贮水量为决定不同土壤灌溉前含水量的一个概略性指标。     

不同载荷对土壤压实的试验研究

在沙壤土上对常用的3种载荷进行了压实试验,测出了土壤压实前后的参数.结果表明:在0～100mm土壤深度处,载荷大于3000kg时,使容重增大较剧烈;载荷大于2000kg时,使湿度损失较严重,4400kg时损失了20%,使坚实度的增量增加剧烈,4400kg时增加了59%,而使最大坚实度增加了114%,并且大载荷对深层(大...     

Relative Neutralizing Value as an Indicator of Actual Liming Ability of Limestone and Byproduct Materials

Methods used to compare the effectiveness of liming materials (e.g., relative neutralizing value, RNV; effective calcium carbonate equivalent, ECCE) were developed for ground limestone. This method is relatively untested on industrial byproducts that could be used when limestone is expensive or unavailable. The objective was to determine if RNV applies to both ground limestones and industrial byproducts. A 42-d incubation study was performed on three acid soils with 11 ground limestones and 9 different byproducts at four rates based on titration and the modified Adams-Evans buffer method. Overall effectiveness, assessed as RNV compared to Ca(OH)₂, averaged 101.5 ± 0.9% for all the evaluated liming materials, except the paper sludge and dolomitic marble. Thus, RNV was a good estimate of neutralizing ability when particle size was accurate. Addition of RNV to packaging would facilitate the commercial use of byproducts as liming materials allowing consumers to compare products by price and properties.     

混合土料单独命名的必要性探讨

混合土料是由粗细土颗粒组成的土。作者对混合土料、均匀粗粒土及纯细烂土的颗粒组成与工程性质进行了对比分析。结果表明,混合土料是介于均匀粗粒土和纯细粒土之间的土,它的工程性质有别于均匀粗粒土和纯细粒土,有必要对其单独命名,这为混合土的合理定位与专门研究提供了基础。