蚯蚓（Eiseniafetida）细胞色素P450及抗氧化酶系对环境浓度苯并（a）芘的响应

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eiseniafetida）为供试生物,草甸棕壤为供试土壤,以蚯蚓微粒体细胞色素P450含量、抗氧化酶系以及谷胱甘肽转移酶活性为指标,进行了土壤中苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]暴露与酶活性的量-效关系研究。结果表明,在接近沈抚灌区实地污染状况B（a）P（0．1～2．0mg·kg-1）暴露下,第1、3、7以及第14d取样时,P450和SOD有较好的响应：SOD在第1、3d显著升高,而在第7、14d时降低;P450总体表现为低浓度B（a）P诱导下降低,高浓度下升高的趋势。CAT、POD以及GST的敏感性相对较差。比照其他4个指标,蚯蚓P450的敏感性更为优异,具有较好的应用前景。指标敏感性总体表现为：P450〉SOD〉CAT／POD〉GST。     

苔藓植物对酸性恶劣土壤环境的适应性研究

苔藓植物结构简单,对土壤环境的变化反应敏感,是良好的生物指示植物。该研究通过室内模拟实验的方法,分析苔藓植物对富含酸的恶劣土壤环境的适应性。结果表明,苔藓植物对酸性恶劣土壤环境的适应性较差,但苔藓植物具有一定改善生存环境基质的能力,因而能作为恶劣土壤环境下的植物物种先锋,以帮助其它物种的安全进入。同时对本地区苔藓植物的多样性保护以及合理利用苔藓植物进行酸性环境污染监测有一定理论和实践价值。     

Temporal association of potato tuber development with susceptibility to common scab and Streptomyces scabiei‐induced responses in the potato periderm

Using hydroponics and novel non‐destructive pot culture systems which enable inoculation at specific tuber development stages, the dynamics of common scab infection patterns in potato were studied in order to provide more precise identification of tuber physiological factors associated with susceptibility. At the whole‐tuber level, infection percentages were greatest when Streptomyces scabiei inoculation occurred early; at 2 weeks after tuberization (WAT) 68% of tubers became infected, contrasting with late inoculation (8 WAT), when only 4% infection occurred. The first‐formed internodes were most susceptible to infection, whilst later‐forming and slower‐expanding internodes were less susceptible. Detailed tuber physiological examination of internode 2 showed that pathogen‐induced changes, including increased phellem (periderm) thickness, cell layers and phellem suberization (key physiological features believed critical to S. scabiei infection) were promoted through S. scabiei inoculation. Sequential harvesting showed enhanced phellem suberization (28% greater than the control) within 7 days of pathogen exposure, while phellem thickness and layer responses were also initiated early in the infection process (10–14 days after pathogen exposure) and these responses were independent of symptom expression. Differences in cultivar response were observed, with greater phellem suberization observed 10 days after tuberization (DAT) in the common‐scab‐tolerant cv. Russet Burbank than in the susceptible cv. Desiree. Likewise, Russet Burbank had thicker and more numerous cell layers in the phellem (up to eight cell layers) during early tuber growth (20–30 DAT) than Desiree (up to six cell layers).     

土壤氮素有效性与克隆整合性对结缕草分枝行为的影响效应

在一个生长季内,对生长于4种生境类型(其中土壤氮素含量呈4种水平)中的克隆植物结缕草的主匍匐茎采取了2种对照处理:保持连接状态和实施节间切断,并检验对其分枝行为产生的生态影响。随着生境内土壤氮素水平的降低,保持连接状态的结缕草植株的分枝强度(按照分枝数量、长度和生物量计测)趋于降低,而实施切断处理的结缕草植株的分枝强度趋于增加。复合节在产生分枝时的根系生物量通常高于未产生分枝时的根系生物量。着生于贫瘠土壤中的根系生物量与着生于肥沃土壤中的根系生物量相比趋于增加。从肥沃土壤斑块中生长出的分枝比从贫瘠土壤斑块中生长出的分枝在数量上占优势。以多个形态学指标衡量,结缕草克隆的A分枝比B分枝具有明显的生长优势。方差分析结果揭示出结缕草克隆的分枝行为对于生境土壤氮素水平以及连接和切断两种处理的响应方式不同。分枝对于结缕草克隆总生物量具有较高的贡献率,而其中A分枝占有较大比例。     

广东省花岗岩赤红壤的微形态特征研究

对广东省２个花岗岩赤红壤的微形态研究表明：骨骼颗粒以蚀变石英为主：呈斑晶状分布;土体棱块状结构发育明显,微团聚体轻微发育;细粒物质以其红色、具轻微双折射现象为主要特征;土体中亦可见少量铁锰结核体及粉质体的出现。     

河南省汉水流域水土流失原因、危害及防治对策

河南省汉水流域水土流失原因、危害及防治对策李中原（河南省水土保持科学研究所，郑州４５６０６３）河南省汉水流域位于北纬３２°１６′～３３°４９′，东经１１０°５８′～１１３°４２′之间，北靠伏牛山，西接陕西秦岭余脉，东有桐柏山，南临汉江平原，是“襟三山...     

秦巴山区铁路增建二线的水土流失影响分析

以秦巴山区的3条铁路增建二线工程为例,通过水土流失影响指数评价模型来定量分析、评判山区铁路增建工程的水土流失影响程度.结果表明:襄安线、西康线和安渝线增建二线工程的水土流失影响指数分别为0.240,0.184,0.202,均低于全国铁路建设项目水土流失影响指数的平均值,这说明与新建铁路工程相比,增建二线工程造成的水土流失影响程度相对较小.其主要原因是工程平均占地面积较小(2.54hm²/km)、工程总土石方量(6.99万m³/km)较轻、工程水土流失总量(9 028t/km)不大.在施工过程中,可通过移挖作填、减少弃方、控制施工影响范围、缩短施工期等措施来进一步减弱山区铁路增建工程的水土流失影响,更好地保护山区铁路沿线的生态环境.     

Successive annual applications of organic manures for cut grass: short-term observations on utilization of manure nitrogen

Abstract The recovery of nitrogen (N) from, and the fertilizer‐N value of, low dry‐matter (DM) cattle slurry and farm yard manure (FYM), applied annually to perennial ryegrass swards grown at two sites, on sandy loam and shallow calcareous silty clay loam soils, were studied over a 4‐year period. Slurry or FYM, applied at target rates of either 150 kg N ha^?1 or 300 kg N ha^?1 in either October, February or May/June, in combination with 150 kg N ha^?1 inorganic fertilizer‐N (applied as split dressings before the first and second grass cut), were compared with a set of inorganic fertilizer‐N response treatments. DM yield, N offtake, apparent manure‐N recovery (in herbage) and manure‐N efficiency (compared with inorganic fertilizer‐N) were determined at two silage cuts each summer. Soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) measurements in autumn and spring were used to assess potential N leaching loss over winter and to quantify available N residues in the soil in spring. Apparent manure‐N recovery and manure‐N efficiency were usually greater from slurry applications in February than from those in October, but the timing of the application of FYM had a much smaller effect, compared with the timings of the application of slurry, on the utilization of N from manure by grass. Spring assessment of SMN was useful in quantifying available N residues from October slurry applications. Manure‐N recovery for all application timings was, on average, higher from the sandy loam than the shallow calcareous clay loam. The application of slurry to grass in early spring, at a rate of 150 kg total N ha^?1, with the addition of a supplementary 50 kg inorganic fertilizer‐N ha^?1, was the most suitable strategy for utilizing slurry‐N effectively and for supplying the N requirement for first‐cut silage.