施用碱稳定污泥污水土壤经γ-辐照后土壤溶液中Cu和Zn

Soil samples collected from several acid soils in Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces of the southern China were employed to characterize the chemical species of aluminumions in the soils. The proportion of monomeric inorganic Al to total Al in soil solution was in the range of 19% to 70%, that of monomeric organic Al (Al-OM) to total Al ranged from 7.7% to 69%, and that of the acid-soluble Al to total Al was generally smaller and was lower than 20% in most of the acid soils studied. The Al-OM concentration in soil solution was positively correlated with the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and also affected by the concentration of Al³⁺. The complexes of aluminum with fluoride (Al-F) were the predominant forms of inorganic Al, and the proportion of Al-F complexes to total inorganic Al increased with pH. Under strongly acid condition, Al³⁺ was also a major form of inorganic Al, and the proportion of Al³⁺ to total inorganic Al decreased with increasing pH. The proportions of Al-OH and Al-SO₄ complexes to total inorganic Al were small and were not larger than 10% in the most acid soils. The concentration of inorganic Al in solution depended largely on pH and the concentration of total F in soil solution. The concentrat ions of Al-OM, Al³⁺, Al-F and Al-OH complexes in topsoil were higher than those in subsoil and decreased with the increase in soil depth. The chemical species of aluminumions were influenced by pH. The concentrations of Al-OM, Al³⁺, Al-F complexes and Al-OH complexes decreased with the increase in pH.     

Repeated drying–rewetting cycles and their effects on the emission of CO2, N2O,NO, and CH4 in a forest soil

Prolonged summer droughts due to climate change are expected for this century, but little is known about the effects of drying and wetting on biogenic trace‐gas fluxes of forest soils. Here, the response of CO₂, N₂O, NO, and CH₄ fluxes from temperate forest soils towards drying–wetting events has been investigated, using undisturbed soil columns from a Norway spruce forest in the “Fichtelgebirge”, Germany. Two different types of soil columns have been used for this study to quantify the contribution of organic and mineral horizons to the total fluxes: (1) organic horizons (O) and (2) organic and mineral soil horizons (O+M). Three drying–wetting treatments with different rewetting intensities (8, 20, and 50 mm of irrigation d^–1) have been compared to a constantly moist control to estimate the influence of rainfall intensity under identical drying conditions and constant temperature (+15°C). Drought significantly reduced CO₂, N₂O, and NO fluxes in most cycles. Following rewetting, CO₂ fluxes quickly recovered back to control level in the O columns but remained significantly reduced in the O+M columns with total CO₂ fluxes from the drying–wetting treatment ranging approx. 80% of control fluxes. Fluxes of N₂O and NO remained significantly reduced in both O and O+M columns even after rewetting, with cumulative fluxes from drying–wetting treatments ranging between 20% and 90% of the control fluxes, depending on gas and cycle. Fluxes of CH₄ were small in all treatments and seem to play no significant role in this soil. No evidence for the release of additional gas fluxes due to drying–wetting was found. The intensity of rewetting had no significant effect on the CO₂, N₂O, NO, and CH₄ fluxes, suggesting that the length of the drought period is more important for the emission of these gases. We can therefore not confirm earlier findings that fluxes of CO₂, N₂O, and NO during wetting of dry soil exceed the fluxes of constantly moist soil.     

Effect of Continuous Rice–Wheat Rotation on Soil Properties from Four Agro‐ecosystems of Indian Punjab

In Indian Punjab, rice–wheat is a dominant cropping system in four agro‐ecosystems, namely undulating subregion (zone 1), Piedmont alluvial plains (zone 2), central alluvial plains (zone 3), and southwestern alluvial plains (zone 4), varying in rainfall and temperature. Static and temporal variabilities in soil physical and chemical properties prevail because of alluvial parent material, management/tillage operations, and duration of rice–wheat rotation. A detailed survey was undertaken to study the long‐term effect of rice–wheat rotation on soil physical (soil separates, bulk density, modulus of rupture, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities, soil water content, and suction relations) and chemical (organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity) properties of different textured soils (sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, and silty clay loam) in these four zones of Punjab. Soil samples (of 0‐ to 30‐cm depth) from 45 sites were collected during 2006 and were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The results showed that sand content and pH increased whereas silt and organic carbon decreased significantly from zones 1 to 4. Compared to other textures, significantly greater organic carbon, modulus of rupture, and pH in silty clay loam; greater bulk density in clay loam, and greater saturated hydraulic conductivity in sandy clay loam were observed. Irrespective of zone and soil texture, in the subsurface soil, there was a hard pan at 15–22.5 cm deep, which had high soil bulk density, modulus of rupture, more silt and clay contents (by 3–5%) and less organic carbon and hydraulic conductivity than the surface (0–15 cm) layer. These properties deteriorated with fineness of the soil texture and less organic carbon content. Continuous rice–wheat cropping had a deleterious effect on many soil properties. Many of these soils would benefit from the addition of organic matter, and crop yields may also be affected by the distinct hardpan that exists between 15 and 22.5 cm deep.     

全世界有些国家重新考虑或取消修建大型水坝的计划

前不久,苏联停止了几项要花数十年时间才能完成的工程计划。这些工程是苏联有史以来规模最大的—筑坝,并使4条向北流的河流改道,以引水灌溉南方的辽阔地区。     

提高黑皮冬瓜种子发芽率的方法

黑皮冬瓜种子在正常的情况下,发芽率低,出苗不整齐,通过近年来多次对冬瓜种子进行发芽率试验,探索出提高其发芽率的方法。     

微型蒸发器长度影响土壤蒸发测量值的试验研究

研究使用了不同长度的不锈钢微型蒸发器测定裸土和冬小麦冠层下的土壤蒸发量。目标是考查不同长度蒸发器测定土壤蒸发量的差异性及原因。试验结果显示,在蒸发强度较低的情况下,不同长度的微型蒸发器测定值之间有很好的相关关系,但数值上存在显著的差异,原因可能是不锈钢导热性高所致;在蒸发率较高的情况下,不同长度微型蒸发器的观测值之间有明显差异,主要原因是不同长度引起的供水差异所致。研究认为,50 mm长度的微型蒸发器在蒸发强度不高的情况下,可以适合裸土和植物冠层下土壤蒸发的日观测。但金属材料可能不是制作微型蒸发器的理想材料。     

Longevity of seeds of four annual grass and two dicotyledon weed species as related to placement in the soil and straw disposal technique

Persistence of seeds of the four winter annual grass species, Alopecurus myosuroides , Bromus sterilis , Bromus hordeaceus and Vulpia myuros , were studied under field conditions. The studies also included the two dicotyledon species, Tripleurospermum inodorum and Galium aparine . Seed samples were stored in the field at different depths in the plough layer for a year. Following germination, seedling emergence was taken as an indicator of field persistence. In a supplementary investigation, seed samples were placed on the soil surface or buried at 2 cm for a month and then tested for viability. Persistence of the two Bromus species was very short, irrespective of depth and duration of burial. Persistence of the other species was positively correlated with incorporation of seeds to a few centimetres depth. Increasing the depth of incorporation below 2 cm had a variable influence on persistence. Persistence of seeds placed directly on the soil surface was short, whether they were left there for a year or a month. Whether seeds at the soil surface were left uncovered or covered with chopped straw had limited influence on seed persistence. However, straw cover significantly increased persistence of A. myosuroides seeds and there was the same tendency with T. inodorum .