中国土壤氮含量、空间格局及其环境控制

Soil holds the largest nitrogen （N） pool in terrestrial ecosystems, but estimates of soil N stock remain controversial. Storage and spatial distribution of soil N in China were estimated and the relationships between soil N density and environmental factors were explored using data from China＇s Second National Soil Survey and field investigation in northwest China and the Tibetan Plateau. China＇s soil N storage at a depth of one meter was estimated at 7.4 Pg, with an average density of 0.84 kg m^-2. Soil N density appeared to be high in southwest and northeast China and low in the middle areas of the country. Soil N density increased from the arid to semi-arid zone in northern China, and decreased from cold-temperate to tropical zone in the eastern part of the country. An analysis of general linear model suggested that climate and vegetation determined the spatial pattern of soil N density for natural vegetation, which explained 75.4% of the total variance.     

水土保持植物措施与径流调控工程对位配置数量化分析

在水土保持措施对位配置原理与方法的指导下,以位于黄土丘陵区第5副区的安定区九华沟流域为例证,系统分析了研究区域环境资源的分布规律及常见水土保持植物措施的限制性因子,通过植物措施需求位与所处环境资源位的数量化分析,以植物措施对位配置为指导,以径流调控工程技术为手段,以满足植物需水为目标,进行了水土保持植物措施需求位与治理...     

盐渍土区微咸水灌溉对冬小麦的影响

河北省黑龙港地区储有相对丰富的浅层地下微咸水。为合理开发微咸水资源,研究了不同灌水（灌水期、灌水量和水质）对冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明：咸淡轮灌与灌淡水相比,早期干物质积累慢,LAI低,但后期积累养分能顺利转移到穗部,灌浆速度较快,也能获得高产。冬后关键期灌水,咸淡轮灌比灌淡水处理LAI较低,但茎叶干物质积累量较多的转移到籽粒中,灌浆速度快,两者籽粒产量无显著差异。关键期灌水的籽粒产量略低于充足灌水处理,而水分利用率较高。在此基础上,施肥处理的LAI、灌浆速度和籽粒产量显著大于不施肥处理。     

模糊c均值聚类方法在黑河下游土壤属性制图中的初步应用研究

运用模糊c均值聚类方法初步研究了我国典型干旱区黑河下游的土壤属性空间分布规律。通过分析该地区的地形参数(坡度,沿剖面曲率和沿等高线曲率),植被指数(NDVI)及地质数据,设计了16个野外典型样本采集点及9个独立样本用于结果验证。应用室内试验,测定土样的3个属性特征(饱和导水率、土壤容重及土壤含水量)。以模糊隶属度作为权重,运用加权平均法计算得到三组土壤属性的空间分布,结果与9个独立采样点进行对比,无显著性差别。表明该方法在极端干旱区黑河下游地形较平缓地区适用性较强,结果能够满足应用需求,为该区域的地表过程研究提供宝贵的数据支持。     

Biological soil amelioration as the basis of sustainable agriculture and forestry

Before the discovery of plant nutrients, soil amelioration and fertilization was by force of circumstance biological, i.e. done with substances taken from nature. After the discovery of plant nutrients, the chemical concept of fertility displaced the biological one. The defects of chemical cultivation — inefficiency, deterioration in product quality, diminishing productivity of soils and negative effects on the environment — have created an urgent need for the study of fertility as a result of the activity of the biocycles of the ecosystem. With the aid of the advances of modern science, we can understand the defects and deficiencies of the chemical concept of fertility and return the biological concept of fertility to its proper place. This in turn is a good starting point for productive research and developmental work towards an ecologically sustainable agriculture and forestry.     

基于土壤剖面测定数据计算中国土壤有机碳贮量

Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage under different types of vegetations in China were estimated using measured data of 2 440 soil profiles to compare SOC density distribution between different estimates, to map the soil organic carbon stocks under different types of vegetation in China, and to analyze the relationships between soil organic carbon stocks and environmental variables using stepwise regression analyses. Soil organic carbon storage in China was estimated at 69.38 Gt (1015 g). There was a big difference in SOC densities for various vegetation types, with SOC distribution closely related to climatic patterns in general. Stepwise regression analyses of SOC against environmental variables showed that SOC generally increased with increasing precipitation and elevation, while it decreased with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the important factor controlling SOC accumulation for forests was elevation, while for temperate steppes mean annual temperature dominated. The more specific the vegetation type used in the regression analysis, the greater was the effect of environmental variables on SOC. However, compared to native vegetation, cultivation activities in the croplands reduced the influence of environmental variables on SOC.     

纳板河自然保护区土壤酶对不同海拔、坡向的响应

在纳板河自然保护区内分海拔和坡向采集土样,测定分析了尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶4种主要土壤酶活性和主要养分指标的变化。结果表明:土壤有机质、水解氮含量随海拔升高显著增加;阳坡全氮含量随海拔升高呈现由中间向两端减小的趋势,阴坡全氮含量随海拔升高波动增加;土壤速效磷含量随海拔呈现由中间向两端减小趋势;蛋白酶活性高海拔 > 低海拔,海拔对表层过氧化氢酶活性影响较小,脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随海拔呈现波动。土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷含量阳坡 > 阴坡;土壤蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性阴坡 > 阳坡,各土层土壤脲酶活性阳坡 > 阴坡。各养分含量及酶活性表层 > 中下层。土壤酶活性与各肥力因子间相关关系显著,各土壤酶活性间相关性显著。有机质、全氮、全磷是影响蛋白酶活性的主导因子,速效磷和水解氮为次要因子;全磷、速效磷、水解氮为影响脲酶活性的主要因子,有机质、全磷、速效钾为次要因子。主成分分析结果表明蛋白酶和脲酶活性作为保护区土壤肥力指标具有可行性。     

不同土壤条件下灰枣叶片与果实营养品质的相关性

【目的】研究不同土壤条件(沙土、沙壤土和粘土)下,成龄灰枣树果实膨大期叶片营养成分与果实成熟期果实营养成分和品质之间相关性,为不同土壤类型下有效提升灰枣果品提供理论依据。【方法】以盛果期灰枣树作为试材,测定其在果实膨大期叶片和成熟期果实中的P、K、Ca、Mg含量,以及果实VC、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、糖酸比和可溶性固形物含量等品质指标。【结果】三种土壤相比,沙土的叶片Ca含量和果实糖酸比均最高,分别为(24.381±1.830) g/kg、725.167±95.195,叶片K和Mg含量,果实P和K含量,果实可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量均中等,其余测定指标均较低;沙壤土的叶片K含量、果实Ca和可滴定酸含量均最高,分别为(37.385±2.478) g/kg、(0.654±0.043) g/kg、(0.107±0.006)%,叶片P和Ca含量,果实Mg含量和果实VC含量均中等,其余测定指标均较低;粘土的叶片P和Mg含量,果实P、K和Mg含量,果实VC、可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量均最高,分别为(2.622±0.134) g/kg、(7.125±0.484) g/kg、(1.168±0.061) g/kg、(11.327±0.528) g/kg、(0.422±0.015) g/kg、(15.182±2.763) mg/100 g、(70.875±3.230)%和(71.179±3.233)%,果实Ca含量、可滴定酸含量和糖酸比均中等,其余测定指标均较低。3种土壤类型条件下灰枣果实中P、K、Ca、Mg、VC、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物含量上均存在一定的差异,但在果实营养品质指标与叶片营养元素含量间的相关性基本相似,其中沙土、沙壤土和粘土灰枣叶片中P含量与果实VC含量间均有显著正相关性,相关性系数依次为0.798、0.928和0.869。【结论】灰枣叶片中的营养元素含量与果实营养品质指标间呈现一定相关性,在土壤不同类型条件下的施肥管理中,应根据土壤肥力情况制定科学合理的施肥方案,才能达到增产优质目的。