四平市城郊蔬菜地土壤重金属来源及环境风险评价

以四平市城郊蔬菜地土壤为研究对象,研究了土壤中Pb、Cu、Cd、As和Hg 5种重金属的含量特征及潜在生态风险和健康风险,并对其来源进行了分析。结果表明:研究区Pb、Cu、Cd、As和Hg含量的平均值分别是背景值的1.32倍、2.38倍、2.52倍、1.59倍和2.72倍,在表层土壤中存在明显的富集。环境风险评价表明:研究区土壤重金属处于中等生态风险水平,其中Hg处于较高生态风险水平。健康风险评价模型对暴露人群经摄食途径引起的重金属健康风险评价表明研究区内居民不存在健康风险。主成分分析表明:Cu、Cd主要来自于农业生产;As与污水灌溉及含As农药的使用有关;Hg主要来源于煤炭燃烧;Pb主要来自于汽车尾气以及工业烟尘的大气沉降。Cu、Cd具有一定的同源性,pH值对Pb、Cd迁移转化的影响较强。     

淮北平原冬小麦蒸发蒸腾量与不同土层土壤含水率关系初探

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪测定了冬小麦不同生育期的农田蒸发蒸腾量,分析了冬小麦的蒸发蒸腾变化规律,探讨了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)、土壤含水率与作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET)之间的关系。结果表明,ET0和蒸渗仪实测的ET生育期内变化趋势基本一致;冬小麦ET受0~60cm土层土壤含水率的影响,尤其是0~40cm土层土壤含水率对作物ET影响显著,80cm以下土层土壤含水率基本对作物ET无明显影响。     

国内外灌溉预报研究现状与动态分析

对国内外30年来灌溉预报研究现状与动态作了较系统的评述和分析,提出和探讨了现有方法和模型存在的区域尺度及空间变异性、实时预报及实时预报修正等问题,有助于灌溉预报方法的进一步研究和应用。     

一株氧化木糖无色杆菌对Cd的固定作用

【目的】研究一株氧化木糖无色杆菌LAX2对镉(Cd)的碳酸盐矿化作用及其对Cd污染稻田土壤的修复效果。【方法】将LAX2接种于含0~40mg/L Cd2+的牛肉膏蛋白胨液体培养基中,测定LAX2对Cd的耐受性。在LAX2发酵液中加入0.1mol/L CdCl2放置12h,利用X-射线衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜和能谱对菌株LAX2矿化固结Cd的产物特征进行分析,并通过水稻盆栽试验验证菌株LAX2对Cd污染土壤的修复效果。【结果】菌株LAX2对Cd2+的耐受能力较强,当溶液中Cd2+质量浓度达35 mg/L时,其生长不受明显影响;但当Cd2+质量浓度为40mg/L时,LAX2生长受到明显抑制。矿化产物特征分析结果表明,菌株LAX2可通过碳酸盐矿化作用将Cd矿化为呈小颗粒团聚体的CdCO3晶体。Cd污染稻田土壤经菌株LAX2发酵液、无菌发酵液和菌体细胞修复后,水稻根部Cd含量分别下降了35.3%,19.4%和12.5%,茎叶Cd含量分别降低了26.7%,15.6%和8.4%,水稻籽粒中Cd含量分别降低了28.7%,16.4%和7.5%,土壤有效态Cd含量分别下降了56.9%,34.5%和21.0%。【结论】菌株LAX2可通过碳酸盐矿化作用固结土壤中的有效态Cd,从而减少水稻对Cd的吸收。     

Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from drained organic soils in deciduous forests

We examined net greenhouse gas exchange at the soil surface in deciduous forests on soils with high organic contents. Fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O were measured using dark static chambers for two consecutive years in three different forest types; (i) a drained and medium productivity site dominated by birch, (ii) a drained and highly productive site dominated by alder and (iii) an undrained and highly productive site dominated by alder. Although the drained sites had shallow mean groundwater tables (15 and 18 cm, respectively) their average annual rates of forest floor CO₂ release were almost twice as high compared to the undrained site (1.9±0.4 and 1.7±0.3, compared to 1.0±0.2 kg CO₂ m⁻² yr⁻¹). The average annual CH₄ emission was almost 10 times larger at the undrained site (7.6±3.1 compared to 0.9±0.5 g CH₄ m⁻² yr⁻¹ for the two drained sites). The average annual N₂O emissions at the undrained site (0.1±0.05 g N₂O m⁻² yr⁻¹) were lower than at the drained sites, and the emissions were almost five times higher at the drained alder site than at the drained birch site (0.9±0.35 compared to 0.2±0.11 g N₂O m⁻² yr⁻¹). The temporal variation in forest floor CO₂ release could be explained to a large extent by differences in groundwater table and air temperature, but little of the variation in the CH₄ and N₂O fluxes could be explained by these variables. The measured soil variables were only significant to explain for the within-site spatial variation in CH₄ and N₂O fluxes at the undrained swamp, and dark forest floor CO₂ release was not explained by these variables at any site. The between-site spatial variation was attributed to variations in drainage, groundwater level position, productivity and tree species for all three gases. The results indicate that N₂O emissions are of greater importance for the net greenhouse gas exchange at deciduous drained forest sites than at coniferous drained forest sites.     

泥河沟土壤侵蚀动态航空遥感制图的研究

利用两期不同年代航空遥感信息源,编制两期土壤侵蚀类型现状图,经过叠合比较,建立动态分类系统,勾绘编制的动态图,能够准确、直观地反映出两个年代,特定区域土壤侵蚀类型空间分布的变化规律、趋势和数量特征,为评价土壤侵蚀,水土保持规划和综合治理决策提供科学依据。结果表明,这种方法合理可行,速度快,精度高。     

火烧对不同林型下森林土壤水分物理性质的影响

通过对大兴安岭松岭林区白桦林、落叶松林以及白桦落叶松混交林的当年高强度火烧迹地与对照样地的土壤水分物理性质进行测定和比较研究。结果表明:在火烧迹地和对照样地无论是土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤持水量还是贮水能力,0~10 cm土层土壤都较10~20 cm土层土壤优越,火烧没有改变随深度变化的趋势,但相差明显增高。3种林型相比,在对照样地,白桦林土壤通气性优于落叶松林,而在火烧迹地,落叶松林优于白桦林。无论是在对照样地还是火烧迹地,落叶松林土壤的持水量平均值均大于白桦林,而白桦林土壤的平均贮水能力优于落叶松林。总体上看,在研究地区无论是土壤通气性、土壤持水量还是贮水能力,白桦林和落叶松林都较白桦落叶松混交林优越。火烧迹地与对照样地相比,火烧对3种林型的影响趋势相同,即土壤容重增加,土壤平均孔隙度以及土壤持水量减小。