Mycorrhizae activity and diversity in conventional and organic apple orchards from Brazil

The aim of this study was to characterize the impacts of a conventional, an organic apple orchard and a native grassland on the activity and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) located at the south of Brazil during winter and summer. AMF activity was measured by the mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP), mycorrhizal fungal hyphal length (HL), easily extractable and total Bradford-reactive soil protein (BRSP). AMF diversity was represented by richness, Shannon diversity index and number of spores. Orchards reduced the MIP of the soil and increased the HL when compared to the grassland site. The amount of easily extractable BRSP was not different among orchards and between seasons evaluated, with overall mean value of 1.23 mg g⁻¹. However, the amount of total-BRSP was smaller in the conventional orchard (4.55 mg g⁻¹) than in the organic orchard (4.91 mg g⁻¹) and in the native grassland (5.12 mg g⁻¹). T-BRSP and total organic carbon were strongly correlated in the grassland during the winter, suggesting the contribution of this protein for carbon stocks in the native soil of this region. The organic orchard presented the highest AMF richness, but sporulation and Shannon diversity index were larger in the conventional orchard. Our data suggest that the conventional orchard promoted higher impacts on the natural condition of AMF activity, being considered an unadvisable practice to soil conservation.     

基于Oracle Spatial的水土保持监测空间数据管理方法

水土保持监测工作中包含了大量的空间数据,如何科学、合理、有效地组织管理这些空间数据和属性数据,促进水土保持的信息化和现代化建设,成为水土保持监测工作迫切需要解决的问题。本文以水土保持工作中的空间数据作为研究对象,分析比较了几种空间数据管理的方法,采用基于Oracle 9i数据库平台的Oracle Spatial存储水土保持空间数据,实现了水土保持空间数据和属性数据的一体化存储和管理。     

胡椒PnNPR1基因的克隆与表达分析

根据胡椒病程相关基因非表达子1(Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes1,NPR1)基因的部分序列设计引物,运用RT-PCR方法获得其家族成员的1个全长c DNA,命名为Pn NPR1,长度1 712 bp,开放阅读框1 362 bp,编码454个氨基酸。预测Pn NPR1分子量为141.56 ku,理论等电点为4.98。该基因含有BTB/POT结构域、ANK锚蛋白重复序列、DUF和NPR1-like C等4个结构域,具有植物NPR1所共有的保守结构域。系统进化分析表明,Pn NPR1与苜蓿的同源性最高。Real-time RT-PCR结果表明,Pn NPR1在胡椒叶片、根、茎和花中均表达,在叶中的表达量最高。辣椒疫霉菌诱导后,Pn NPR1基因的表达量在抗/感2种胡椒中均出现先增加后减少的现象,并且在抗病种质中表达量较高。研究结果为Pn NPR1的功能研究提供了理论依据。     

宣威市紫色土辣椒氮磷钾肥配比试验研究

对紫色土辣椒氮、磷、钾适宜施用量研究表明,紫色土氮磷钾肥对辣椒产量的影响顺序是磷肥〉氮肥〉钾肥。磷是限制辣椒产量的主导因子。在施用菜籽饼肥600kg／hm^2,折N31．2kg／hm^2、P2O5 11.7kg／hm^2、K2O 8．1kg／hm^2的基础上,辣椒产量≥20400kg／hm^2的氮磷钾优化组合施肥范围：N=113．9～204．6kg／hm^2,P2O5=145．9～177．2kg／hm^2,K2O=49．3～153．8kg／hm^2,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．87～1．28：0．43～0．75。建议氮、磷、钾肥适宜用量为：N159．2kg／hm^2,P2O5 161．5kg／hm^2,K2O 101．5kg／hm^2,N：P2O5：K2O=1：1．01：0．64,辣椒最高产量预测值为21961．5kg／hm^2,施肥利润5417．7元／hm^2,投产比1：5．00。适量的氮、磷、钾营养使得养分比例平衡,有利于增加辣椒收果数,提高鲜椒产量,从而增加效益。     

贵州苏铁植株体内矿质养分含量特征分析

测定珍稀濒危植物贵州苏铁植株,构建不同组织和器官矿质营养元素的含量,分析矿质营养在体内分布特征及其相关特性,以及结合生长环境土壤特性分析贵州苏铁生长发育对营养需求以及土壤环境供给之间的关系,研究珍稀濒危植物贵州苏铁植株矿质营养含量及与土壤环境的相互作用,为贵州苏铁栽培和物种保护提供参考.结果表明:植株体内N、P元素含量变化较大,4a生植株体内比1 a生积累更多Fe、Mn、Zn、Ga、Mg元素,小孢子叶Zn含量最高,大孢子叶Mn含量最高,雄性叶元素含量高于雌性叶.表明贵州苏铁生长发育过程中生殖生长需要大量种类和数量的矿质营养物质,同时也证明了营养生长物质服务于生殖生长.在栽培生产中除了选择栽培基质与原生地大致相同满足植株的营养生长外,还更应注重在生殖时期对矿质营养的补给,满足植物生殖生长对矿质营养的需求.     

Impact of spent coffee grounds as organic amendment on soil fertility and lettuce growth in two Mediterranean agricultural soils

The use of spent coffee grounds (SCG) as organic amendment is a triple solution: a reuse of this bio-residue (6 millions of tons per year), an increase in soil organic carbon (SCG contain 82% of carbohydrates and 13% of proteins) and a decrease in CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere. Thus, we investigate the effect of SCG on soil and plants in an in vitro assay. The variables considered were SCG dose (2.5 and 10%), two agricultural soils (Calcisol and Luvisol), and four cultivation times (15, 30, 45 and 60 days). The chemical and physicochemical soil properties, SEM images and growth parameters were analyzed. The highest dose of SCG increased organic carbon, total N and available K and P by 286%, 188%, 45%, and 9%, respectively, while decreasing lettuce growth by 233% compared to control. The SEM study revealed that SCG particles are incorporated into soil aggregates and microorganisms grow over them, which is also corroborated by a 10-times increase of soil respiration rate. The behavior of both soils differs for some SCG effects. In conclusion, SCG have a great potential to increase soil fertility and further investigations are needed in order to improve the use of SCG as amendment.     

考虑桩土共同工作的桩基承台梁内力分析

针对梁下土体和基桩刚度对承台梁内力的影响进行研究，采用分层荷载传递法进行基桩刚度计算，建立起考虑桩土共同工作的承台梁内力计算理论，就理论与实际的差异，提出用水平割线法对基底反力进行调整，并以纽玛克数值计算法为计算基础开发出相应的计算软件。     

Bio-amelioration of alkali soils through agroforestry systems in central Indo-Gangetic plains of India

A long-term field study was initiated during 1995 at Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow(26°47′58′′ N and 80°46′24′′ E) to analyze the effect of agroforestry systems on amelioration of alkali soils. Three agroforestry systems(pastoral, silvipastoral and silvicultural) were compared with the control where no agroforestry system was introduced. Tree-based silvicultural and silvipastoral systems were characterized by tree species Prosopis juliflora and Acacia nilotica along with grass species Leptochloa fusca, Panicum maximum, Trifolium alexandrium and Chloris gayana. Growth of ten-year-old Prosopis juliflora and Acacia nilotica planted in combination with grasses was significantly higher over the silviculture system with the same species. Tree biomass yields of P. juliflora(77.20 t?ha-1) and A. nilotica(63.20 t?ha-1) planted under silvipastoral system were significantly higher than the sole plantation of(64.50 t?ha-1 and 52.75 t?ha-1). Fodder yield under the pastoral system was significantly higher than the silvipastoral system during initial years but it was at par with that of silvipastoral systems after eight years of plantation. The microbial biomass carbon in the soils of silvipastoral systems was significantly higher than in soils under sole plantation of trees and control systems. The Prosopis-based silvipastoral system proved more effective in reducing soil pH, displacing Na+ from the exchange complex, increasing organic carbon and available N, P and K. Improvement in soil physical properties such as bulk density, porosity, soil moisture and infiltration rate was higher in the Prosopis-based silvipastoral system than in the silviculture system or control. On the basis of biomass production and improvement in soil health due to tree + grass systems, silvipastoral agroforestry system could be adopted for sustainable reclamation of highly alkali soils.     

根系带水质量模型参数灵敏度分析与标定的研究

利用收集的河南省新乡试验站田间试验数据对根系带水质量模型(ROOt Zone Water Quality Model,RZWQM)输入参数进行灵敏度分析和标定.结果表明,通过参数的灵敏度分析结果对RZWQM进行调参,节省参数校核时间,提高精度.参数标定后模拟值与实测值的对比显示,土壤含水量的模拟均方根差和平均相对误差分...