白茶萎凋过程萜烯类合成相关基因的鉴定和表达分析

萜烯类化合物是植物中重要的次生代谢产物之一,对茶树挥发性香气的组成起着重要作用。从茶树基因组数据库中鉴定获得了141个茶树萜烯类合成相关基因,并对其不同组织表达特异性进行分析,筛选出16个在茶树顶芽和嫩叶中高表达的萜烯类合成代表基因。生物信息学分析结果表明,系统进化关系将茶树与拟南芥和葡萄的萜烯类合成相关基因分成了4个亚家族;茶树萜烯类合成相关基因含有5~14个外显子,在上游启动子区域分析发现了大量与光响应、植物生长发育、激素和胁迫响应密切相关的顺式作用元件。荧光定量检测发现,CsMVK、CsDXS和CsGGPS在白茶萎凋过程中的表达显著上调;CsDXR、CsMCT、CsCMK、CsMCS、CsHDS、CsGPPS和CsGGPPS在萎凋4 h和24 h的表达达到峰值。本研究结果为进一步挖掘茶叶萎凋过程中萜烯类合成相关基因对茶叶香气组分积累提供了理论依据。     

A novel glycoside hydrolase 74 xyloglucanase CvGH74A is a virulence factor in Coniella vitis

Grape white rot is a destructive fungal disease occurring worldwide. Recently, Coniella vitis was identified as the predominant pathogen causing this disease in China. As the periderms of grape shoots are severely degraded by C. vitis, it was speculated that cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) might play a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the hydrolytic activity of the CWDEs of C. vitis. The results showed that xylanase (Xy) and xyloglucanase (XEG) had high levels of hydrolytic activity both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a high-virulence fungal strain exhibited higher levels of Xy and XEG activities compared with a low-virulence strain. The genome of the fungus was found to harbor two XEG-coding genes CvGH74A and CvGH74B, which belonged to the glycoside hydrolase (GH)74 family. The expression level of CvGH74A was found to be high during pathogen infection. CvGH74A gene deletion mutants were generated using the split-marker method. The deletion of CvGH74A decreased both the hydrolytic activities of XEG and Xy and also the ability of the fungus to infect the grape leaves. No differences in the hyphal growth, morphology of colonies, or conidiation were found between the ΔCvGH74A mutant strains and the wild-type strain. Together, these results suggested that CvGH74A acted as an important virulence factor, and its enzymatic activity might regulate the virulence of the pathogen. This study was novel in reporting that GH74 XEG acted as a virulence factor in C. vitis.     

鱼腥草白绢病的发生与防治

鱼腥草属药食两用植物,具有清热解毒、健胃消食、利尿通淋、增强机体免疫力等功效。鱼腥草是桂林市农民增收的重要经济作物之一。近年来,由于连年种植,导致鱼腥草白绢病发生严重,已经成为阻碍鱼腥草生产的一大因素。本文总结了鱼腥草白绢病的发病条件和规律,提出了鱼腥草白绢病的防治方法,即避免连作、科学选地、选种及种茎消毒、合理施肥、加强管理等,以期减少白绢病造成的损失,科学有效地防控白绢病的发生。     

Molecular detection of sugarcane striate virus and sugarcane white streak virus and their prevalence in the Miami World Collection of sugarcane and related grasses

Viruses in the genus Mastrevirus (family Geminiviridae), including those infecting sugarcane, have natural geographical ranges almost exclusively restricted to Africa and the Indian Ocean islands off the African coast. Only sugarcane white streak virus (SWSV) in Barbados and sugarcane striate virus (SStrV) in Florida and Guadeloupe are known to infect a few sugarcane varieties in the Western Hemisphere. In this study, PCR assays were developed to detect these two viruses in sugarcane. Five hundred and seventy-one DNA samples from Saccharum species and interspecific hybrids from the Miami World Collection of sugarcane and related grasses were tested for the presence of SStrV and SWSV by PCR. No variety was found infected by SWSV but SStrV was detected in 19 varieties. PCR data were confirmed by sequencing amplified fragments (248 bp). These fragments shared 93%–100% nucleotide identity with SStrV sequences from the GenBank database. SStrV isolates were distributed in six phylogenetic groups, including the four strains of the virus. Most varieties infected by SStrV originated from Asia, thus confirming a previous hypothesis stating that this virus originated from this continent. Absence of SStrV in commercial sugarcane in Florida also suggested that this virus has not been spread in this location, while infected plants have been present for several decades.     

造林密度对三倍体白杨杂种无性系胸径和树皮厚度的影响

三倍体杨树具有突出的营养生长优势,研究造林密度对三倍体毛白杨杂种无性系径向生长的影响规律,可为三倍体毛白杨工业用材林营建和经营管理提供理论指导。以定植于河北威县的11年生三倍体白杨杂种无性系（B301、B331和S86）以及二倍体毛白杨对照无性系1316密度试验林为研究对象,研究造林密度（2 490、1 665、1 110、825、615、495株/hm²和405株/hm²）对三倍体白杨杂种无性系胸径和树皮厚度的影响。结果表明,造林密度和无性系以及造林密度与无性系间的交互效应均对三倍体白杨杂种无性系的胸径生长具有极显著的影响,以495株/hm²造林密度条件下三倍体白杨杂种无性系S86的胸径生长量最大,平均胸径达25.1 cm;三倍体白杨杂种无性系B301、S86的胸径生长量显著大于无性系B331和二倍体对照毛白杨无性系1316;无性系对11年生三倍体白杨杂种无性系的树皮厚度具有极显著的影响,造林密度对11年生三倍体白杨杂种无性系的树皮厚度具有显著的影响。三倍体白杨杂种无性系B301、B331、S86以及二倍体对照毛白杨无性系1316内部个体间胸径与树皮厚度均呈现正相关,说明树皮厚度随着胸径生长量的增大而增厚。研究结果对于认识造林密度对杨树径向生长的影响和指导三倍体白杨良种无性系的推广具有重要意义。     

热风干燥温度对脱水白萝卜品质的影响

以"长春大根"白萝卜品种为试材,采用50、60、70、80、90、100℃的热风干燥处理1 cm×1 cm×10 cm的白萝卜条,研究热风干燥温度对脱水白萝卜品质的影响。结果表明,干燥温度为70℃时,脱水速率较快,脱水白萝卜色泽较白,感官品质、食用品质和复水性均较好,VC保留率较高。其次,干燥温度60℃时,脱水速率较慢,形态轻微变形、皱缩,食用品质略差。干燥温度低至50℃时,VC的保留率有所提高,但干燥时间延长,感官及食用品质均有所下降。干燥温度超过80℃后,干燥时间未显著缩短,脱水白萝卜褐变加重,感官品质、食用品质和复水性均变差,VC损失增加。     

海南红肉与白肉火龙果营养成分含量分析

测定海南地区栽培的红肉火龙果和白肉火龙果中营养成分含量,比较两个品种间的差异。结果表明,红肉火龙果的糖酸比、碳水化合物、磷、钠、钙、锌、铜含量高于白肉火龙果,蛋白质、膳食纤维、灰分、脂肪、铁、镁、硒含量低于白肉火龙果;钙含量在两种火龙果中差异显著(P0.05),脂肪、镁含量在两种火龙果中差异极显著(P0.01)。     

新疆卡提拉玛工艺配方的研究

熟牛油、生奶皮、白砂糖是制作新疆塔吉克族特色面制品的主要原料。通过正交试验确定三者在卡提拉玛中的添加量,研制具有新疆独特风味的卡提拉玛。在基本配方（高筋小麦粉500 g,酵母3 g,食盐2 g,鸡蛋清30 g,牛奶185 mL,饮用水100 mL,清油4 mL）的基础上,确定三者最佳添加量（以高筋粉为基重）。结果表明：加入熟牛油6 mL、生奶皮15 g、白砂糖3 g,可制作出色泽金黄、口感醇香、质地酥脆、具有生奶皮特有香气的新疆卡提拉玛。     

不同钠浓度对白三叶草和多年生黑麦草生长的影响

白三叶草对Na 的反应比多年生黑麦草敏感.培养液中的Na 浓度从0.1mmol/L 增至0.5mmol/L 时,其干物质生产下降37%;增至2.5mmol/L 时,干重下降49%,而多年生黑麦草的干重仅降低6%.2种牧草的Na 含量均随培养液Na 浓度的增加而提高,K 含量未受影响.白三叶草的Na 含量低于多年生黑麦草,而K 含量高于多年生黑麦草.试验结果暗示,白三叶草对K 的选择吸收能力较多年生黑麦草强,但耐盐能力较差,生态适应性不如多年生黑麦草广.     

氮锌复合作用对白三叶叶片叶绿体超微结构的影响

在砂培条件下，研究了不同水平氮锌配施对白三叶生长、叶片叶绿素含量和叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明，在缺锌条件下，随供氮水平增加，植株干物重、叶片叶绿素含量显著下降，氮锌配施表现为拮抗效应。在足量供锌条件下，中量供氮，植株干物重、叶片叶绿素含量高于低量供氮，氮锌配施表现为协同效应；与低水平供氮相比，当高水平供氮时，白三叶各组分干物重、叶片叶绿素含量显著下降，氮锌配施表现为拮抗效应。白三叶叶片超显微结构表明，低锌条件下，随供氮水平增加，叶绿体结构变差，基粒及基粒片层、基质片层数量下降甚至解体，光合能力显著下降。足量供锌时，以中量供氮叶绿体基粒及基粒片层、基质片层数量最多，内部结构有序性最高，光合能力最强。叶绿体超显微结构变化与白三叶干物重、叶绿素含量变化趋势相一致。