播期对不同类型小麦生育进程及产量构成的影响

[目的]研究播期对不同感温性小麦生育进程及产量构成的影响。[方法]分别以2个弱春性(郑麦9023、04中36)和半冬性(西农979、矮抗58)小麦品种为试验对象,通过5个不同播种期(10月1日、10月7日、10月14日、10月21日、10月28日)的设置,研究播期对小麦生育进程及产量构成因素的影响。[结果]随播期推迟,小麦株高呈下降趋势;晚播推迟小麦的出苗期和三叶期,总生育天数缩短;不同播期中,弱春性品种的生育时期均较半冬性品种提前。弱春性品种早播或晚播均影响群体产量形成,籽粒产量下降,适期播种(10月14日)最好;半冬性品种应适时早播,播量一致的前提下以10月1日播种籽粒产量较高。[结论]该研究可为豫北地区不同感温性小麦品种选择适宜播期提供理论依据。     

基于遥感信息和产量形成过程的小麦估产模型

为提高小麦遥感估产的精确性和机理性,在广域环境条件下进行了多品种小麦的种植试验,并基于遥感信息获取的瞬时性与广域性,结合小麦产量形成的生理生态过程及其与气候环境的相互关系,建立了较为简化的小麦估产模型.通过组件化的设计方法实现了遥感信息和估产模型的耦合,即利用抽穗期遥感影像反演的LAI和生物量及时替换小麦估产模型对应参数变量,进而实现对小麦产量的估测.通过试验验证,小麦产量的预测值与实测值较为一致,预测小麦产量的RMSE为354.18 kg·ha-1,利用小麦估产模型可以对不同年份、不同区域的小麦产量形成情况进行监测预报.     

西北旱地冬小麦氮素营养诊断生理指标初探

本文通过田间试验研究了西北旱地主栽的4个冬小麦品种氮素营养诊断生理指标间的关系。结果表明,在拔节期,品种间的硝态氮、铵态氮、酰胺态氮和可溶性蛋白质都达到显著水平。施氮量、籽粒产量与铵态氮、酰胺态氮和可溶性蛋白质有较好的相关性,其中铵态氮和可溶性蛋白质与施氮量、籽粒产量的相关性最好。铵态氮可以反映小麦体内酰胺态氮、可溶性蛋白质的状况,在拔节期可以用铵态氮来代替酰胺态氮、可溶性蛋白质进行诊断。营养生长期间,旗叶铵态氮、酰胺态氮和可溶性蛋白质含量水平高,有利于籽粒产量的提高。但在诊断时应考虑不同品种间存在的差异。不同小麦品种拔节期铵态氮、酰胺态氮和可溶性蛋白质值与施氮量和小麦籽粒产量的相关性高于其他时期,说明了拔节期是进行氮素营养诊断的适宜时期。     

3种杀菌剂防治小麦白粉病田间试验

通过田间试验研究3种药剂防治小麦白粉病的效果,结果表明:430g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂在161.25g/hm2用量时防效较好。     

Soil amendments and seed priming influence nutrients uptake,soil properties,yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in alkali soils

The effects of soil amendments [i.e., control, gypsum, farmyard manure (FYM), and gypsum?+?FYM] and seed priming (i.e., unprimed, seed soaked in water for 10?hr prior to sowing, and seed soaked in 0.4% gypsum solution for 10?hr prior to sowing) were assessed on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in alkali soil in northwestern Pakistan. A split plot design was used, keeping priming methods in main plots and soil amendments in sub-plots. The results showed that the effects of soil amendments and seed priming on grain yield, straw yield, harvest index and number of spikes were significant but their interactive effect was non-significant. The highest crop yields and yield index were obtained with gypsum?+?FYM amendments, and seed priming with gypsum solution. The effect on seed emergence, plant height and number of grains per spike was, however, not significant. Grain yield increased by 104% in gypsum?+?FYM treatment over control and by 16.8% with seed primed in water, followed by 8.5% with priming in gypsum solution, as compared to non-priming. The weight of 1000 grains was significantly increased by 35% in gypsum?+?FYM treatment and by 15.8% in gypsum priming. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content increased with soil amendments. Soil pH and gypsum requirement reduced significantly with soil amendments. The blend of gypsum and FYM has improved the properties of salt-affected soil and enhanced fertility for optimum production of wheat in addition to the beneficial effect of seed priming in gypsum solution on crop yield. Using these amendments could be ameliorative in removing the adverse effect of the salt-affected soils, rendering the soil a good medium for plant growth.     

Production of Biscuit from Chinese Sturgeon Fish Fillet Powder (Acipeneser sinensis): A Snack Food for Children

ABSTRACT

Malnutrition in children is a current global burden. A common snack for children is biscuits prepared from cereals. However, these types of biscuits have low protein content. Therefore, producing healthier biscuits enriched with essential amino acids (EAAs) and other micronutrients is of great interest to researchers and manufacturers. In this study, biscuits produced from low gluten wheat flour fortified with sturgeon fillet powder (SFP) in various mixing ratios (100:0, 95:5, 93:7, and 90:10, respectively) were investigated. The results revealed that the nutritional and proximate composition of biscuits were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved: moisture (6.77 ± 0.06–7.65 ± 0.06), protein (13.23 ± 0.35–17.12 ± 0.02), fat (15.57 ± 0.18–15.85 ± 0.25), ash (0.84 ± 0.07–0.92 ± 0.06), spread ratio (14.0 ± 0.92–14.33 ± 0.21), and hardness (2,057.90 ± 28.33–3,089.02 ± 51.53). Total amino acids were 6.91, 9.34, 10.32, and 10.58; and EAAs were 2.43, 3.97, 4.48, and 4.22 g/100 g for 0%, 5%, 7%, and 10% SFP, respectively. Leucine was the major amino acid with 5% and 10% SFP, while methionine was the major amino acid with 7% SFP. Fungal counts were not observed, and quality indices were below the maximum acceptable limits in the products. Biscuits supplemented with 7% SFP showed the highest sensory evaluation score. Overall, the inclusion of 7% SFP could produce protein enriched cereal-based fortified biscuits with acceptable sensory and quality attributes and ultimately could insure effective fish utilization and solve malnutrition problems.     

区域绿色小杂粮产地土壤质量评价——以山西省长治市为例

长治市13个县(市)的杂粮产地土壤质量监测和评价结果表明:产地92个样点的综合污染指数均小于0 7,污染等级属安全级,污染水平属清洁水平。土壤有机质含量>15g/kg(Ⅰ级)的占52 17%;10～15g/kg(Ⅱ级)的占33 70%;<10g/kg(Ⅲ级)的占14 13%。土壤全氮含量>1 0g/kg(Ⅰ级)的占32 61%;0 8～1 0g/kg(Ⅱ级)的占28 26%;<0 8g/kg(Ⅲ级)的占39 13%。土壤有效磷含量>10mg/kg(Ⅰ级)的占26 09%;5～10mg/kg(Ⅱ级)的占32 61%;<5mg/kg(Ⅲ级)的占41 30%。土壤有效钾含量>120mg/kg(Ⅰ级)的占91 30%;80～120mg/kg(Ⅱ级)的占7 61%;<80mg/kg(Ⅲ级)的占1 09%。土壤质量整体状况良好,适宜发展A级绿色食品。     

不同产量水平下冬小麦生长发育和耗水特性研究

【目的】通过控制施肥量来模拟冬小麦不同产量水平,进而了解不同产量下冬小麦生长状况及耗水特性变化,为田间用水管理、区域农业高效用水发展战略的制定提供理论依据。【方法】试验设置4个产量水平7 500 kg/hm~2(C0),8 250 kg/hm~2(C5),9 000 kg/hm~2(C10),9 750 kg/hm~2(C15),以不施肥(CK)为对照,研究不同产量下冬小麦叶面积指数、干物质积累、耗水特性及水分利用效率差异变化。【结果】随目标产量的增加,冬小麦叶面积指数、花前及花后干物质累积量、生物量逐渐增加,干物质转移量、干物质转移率和转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率逐渐减少,产量结果基本达到预期目标。与CK相比,C15处理冬小麦叶面积指数、花前及花后干物质累积量、生物量分别平均增加52.6%、25.9%、112.6%、51.2%,而干物质转移量平均减少44.7%,说明冬小麦后期干物质的合成对籽粒高产的形成起主要作用。随目标产量的增加,冬小麦耗水量增加,土壤含水量减少,2016—2017年C0、C5、C10、C15处理冬小麦水分利用效率无显著差异,2017—2018年各处理冬小麦水分利用效率均有显著性差异,与CK相比,C15处理冬小麦耗水量和水分利用效率分别平均增加29.7%、28.5%。【结论】冬小麦随产量提升的叶面积指数、干物质累积量和耗水量显著增加,其中后期干物质的合成是产量形成的主要原因,同时高产条件下冬小麦水分利用效率显著提高。     

冬小麦杂种后代灌浆速度的研究

为了研究冬小麦杂种后代灌浆速度遗传规律,我们从三个角度,十五种双亲灌速组合类型,分析了灌浆速度的遗传特点和遗传参数、不同双亲灌速组合类型对后代灌速的影响及其亲子关系密切程度;同时还对灌速进行了通径分析.结果表明,灌速为数量性状、不完全显性,呈现细胞核遗传和明显的“倾快”现象.后代灌速受双亲灌速共同作用,其中快亲起主导作用,慢亲也有一定的制约作用.双亲差异愈小,亲子关系愈密切;其中双亲灌速平均值与后代的关系皆比母与子、父与子密切:而父与子较母与子关系密切.灌速遗传力较高,在早代进行个体定向选择,可望获得较好的选择效果.欲提高灌速,要注重千粒重、功能叶面积、株粒重的选择,同时兼顾灌浆时间、株穗数、株粒数的选择,使其协调发展,综合提高.综合分析,以双亲灌速快,且灌速差异中等偏小,快速亲本作父本的组配形式为最好.     

光照强度对冬小麦旗叶光合生理特性的影响

为建立冬小麦相应的光合作用模型提供数据支持,在20℃、不同光强梯度下,测定了冬小麦旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等生理指标,研究自然条件下抽穗期冬小麦旗叶光合生理特性的变化规律。结果表明,光合速率随光照强度增加而增加并呈正相关(p<0.05),在光强度低于500μmol/(m2.s)时,小麦旗叶的光合速率快速增加;气孔导度随光强增强而增强并呈正相关(p<0.05),但在光强度低于100μmol/(m2.s)时气孔导度增幅很小;蒸腾速率随光强度的变化与光合速率趋势基本一致;胞间CO2浓度随光强度的增加呈先降低后增加趋势。