气流辅助式喷雾工况参数对雾滴飘移特性的影响

采用三维流场的多相流计算流体力学模型,研究雾滴在自然风影响、辅助气流胁迫和自身重力作用下在连续相和雾滴粒子群离散相耦合的交互作用,并分析了不同工况参数对雾滴漂移特性的影响.结果表明:增大风筒气流出口速度,可以胁迫雾滴向靶标运动,减少雾滴飘失率.当喷嘴流量较小时,雾滴飘失率变小的趋势最为明显.然而喷嘴流量过大时,雾滴整体抗飘失能力显著下降.辅助气流的喷雾角对减少雾滴飘失相对于自然风速、辅助气流风速没有显著的影响.     

Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates

Population size is a major determinant of extinction risk. However, controversy remains as to how large populations need to be to ensure persistence. It is generally believed that minimum viable population sizes (MVPs) would be highly specific, depending on the environmental and life history characteristics of the species. We used population viability analysis to estimate MVPs for 102 species. We define a minimum viable population size as one with a 99% probability of persistence for 40 generations. The models are comprehensive and include age-structure, catastrophes, demographic stochasticity, environmental stochasticity, and inbreeding depression. The mean and median estimates of MVP were 7316 and 5816 adults, respectively. This is slightly larger than, but in general agreement with, previous estimates of MVP. MVPs did not differ significantly among major taxa, or with latitude or trophic level, but were negatively correlated with population growth rate and positively correlated with the length of the study used to parameterize the model. A doubling of study duration increased the estimated MVP by approximately 67%. The increase in extinction risk is associated with greater temporal variation in population size for models built from longer data sets. Short-term studies consistently underestimate the true variances for demographic parameters in populations. Thus, the lack of long-term studies for endangered species leads to widespread underestimation of extinction risk. The results of our simulations suggest that conservation programs, for wild populations, need to be designed to conserve habitat capable of supporting approximately 7000 adult vertebrates in order to ensure long-term persistence.     

水草收割机明轮推进器的建模与仿真分析

为进一步研究水草收割机在乌梁素海生态治理中有效控制湖泊富营养化的问题,针对水草收割机明轮推进器的运动特性,运用MATLAB中SQP法优化明轮的结构尺寸;根据优化的结构尺寸,通过Pro/E软件建立与物理样机相同的明轮推进器三维实体模型,装配后模拟其真实运动情况,并进行干涉检验.通过Pro/E和ADAMS的专用接口模块MECH/Pro将实体模型导入到ADAMS软件中,运用动力学分析软件ADAMS对明轮推进器进行运动仿真,获得有效数据,为水草收割机系列产品设计研究提供参考数据.     

Differential and successive effects of residue quality and soil mineral N on water-stable aggregation during crop residue decomposition

Residue quality has been shown to influence soil water-stable aggregation (WSA) during crop residue decomposition, but there is still little information about its interactive effect with soil mineral N availability. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of soil mineral N on WSA during the decomposition of two high-C/N crop residues (wheat straw with C/N = 125.6 and miscanthus straw with C/N = 311.3). The two crop residues were combined with three mineral N addition rates (0, 60, and 120 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil). Respiration, soil mineral N content, and WSA (expressed as mean-weight diameter, MWD) were measured on several dates during a 56-d incubation. The effect of decomposing crop residues on WSA followed two phases. (i) Between 0 and 7 d, the increase in WSA was related to intrinsic residue quality with higher decomposability of the wheat straw resulting in higher WSA. (ii) Thereafter, and until the end of the experiment, mineral N addition rates had a predominant but negative influence on WSA. In this second phase, the average MWD of residue-treated soils was 0.92, 0.55, and 0.44 mm for the 0, 60 and 120 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil addition rates, respectively. Mineral N addition which did result in higher crop residue decomposition did not lead to higher WSA. WSA during crop residue decomposition is therefore not simply positively related to the induced microbial activity, and changes in microbial community composition with differential effects on WSA must be involved. The impact of high-C/N crop residues inputs on WSA, initially assumed to be low, could actually be strong and long-lasting in situations with low soil mineral N content.     

色季拉山东坡急尖长苞冷杉种群结构与动态

【目的】研究西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉(Abies georgei var.smithii)种群的结构动态及演替趋势,为该种群的保护与恢复提供参考依据。【方法】在色季拉山东坡海拔3 800 m处设立100 m×100 m的典型样地,对固定样地内所有基径≥0.1 cm的乔木树种进行调查,记录树高、基径、胸径、生长状况等信息,对于基径0.1 cm的幼苗采用抽样调查统计其数量。采用基径和胸径2个指标将急尖长苞冷杉种群划分为13个龄级,分析该种群的龄级结构;利用种群动态量化方法计算相邻龄级种群数量动态变化指数(V_n)和种群结构对随机干扰的敏感性指数(P_(max))等;采用种群静态生命表、生存分析等方法,分析种群结构特征;采用时间序列预测模型对种群未来数量动态变化趋势进行量化预测。【结果】(1)色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉种群呈典型的"金字塔"型,1龄级幼苗储备丰富。(2)种群数量动态变化指数显示该种群为增长型种群,但对外界干扰具有较高的敏感性。(3)种群林龄结构完整,1龄级阶段存在强烈的环境筛选作用,种群存活曲线趋向于直线型(Deevey-Ⅱ型)B_3亚型,种群死亡率与消失率随龄级的增大先降低后升高再降低。(4)生存分析表明,随龄级的增大,种群生存率逐渐降低,累积死亡率与生存率为互补关系,死亡密度与危险率总体呈降低趋势,但危险率曲线波动较大。(5)时间序列预测模型结果表明,急尖长苞冷杉种群在未来一段时间内呈增长趋势,与种群结构及数量动态变化指数分析结果一致。【结论】虽然各种指标均表明急尖长苞冷杉种群目前处于稳定增长期,但结合生境及气候条件认为,该种群目前处于以地形、风、雪为主导的一种多元演替顶级的稳定期,今后一段时间其种群数量虽有波动,但不会偏离目前整体状态。考虑该种群对外界干扰具有较高的敏感性,建议进一步加强生境的保护,防止生境破坏引起种群衰退。     

国麦1号播期播量对群体发育及产量的影响

2002-2003年度在大田高产栽培条件下安排了国麦1号播期、播量裂区试验,对其群体结构指标、幼穗发育、产量与产量构成因素进行了观察和测定分析。结果表明,在本年度生态条件下,国麦1号的幼穗发育进程略晚于豫麦49。不同播期对产量、穗数、穗粒数影响不大,对千粒重影响明显,处理间差异达到显著水平;不同播量对产量、穗数影响均达到显著水平,对穗粒数的影响达到极显著水平。在河南省中部地区种植,可掌握在10月6日左右播种,基本苗控制在150万/hm2左右。     

甜菜生育期间黑土无机氮变化动态的研究

本文研究了甜菜生育期间种植地、休闲地黑土无机氮的变化动态。结果表明,种植地无机氮的变化受作物生长的影响。可分为3个阶段:氮素供求平衡期、氮素供求尖锐期和氮素供求缓和期。休闲地无机氮的变化动态可分为4个阶段:积累平缓期、下渗积累期、积累旺盛期和积累终止期。其中5月中旬、8月中旬、9月上旬和10月上旬4个测定日期的无机氮值(0～90cm 土层),年际间差异不显著。用该4个数值可绘出土壤无机氮动态曲线,科学地反映出土壤供氮水平,可作为甜菜定量施氮的重要参数之一。     

天水地区小麦品种抗条锈性变异动态监测研究

通过系统调查和试验查明,天水地区种植的重要品种77-69和成良5号、6号已丧失抗条锈性,引致这些品种丧失抗锈性的原因主要是条中29号小种及其相近致病类型的出现和发展,山区低温为引致变异的重要诱因。提出成良5号、6号应停止种植,77-69高产可在川区控制使用,并提出了抗性比较稳定的品种。     

肥料运筹对小麦群体质量的调节效应

分析肥料运筹对小麦群体质量的影响表明,小麦一生氮肥适宜运筹比例为基蘖肥占一生总施肥量的６０％左右,拔节孕穗肥占４０％左右,磷、钾肥宜作基肥和返青拔节肥二次施用。前期施氮肥过多易使群体发育不协调,分蘖成穗率降低,粒叶比小,产量低;后期适量施氮并配合磷、钾肥施用,能有效地增加孕穗后光合物质生产,粒叶比大,产量高。