Leaf carbohydrates assimilation and metabolism affect seed yield of rapeseed with different waterlogging tolerance under the interactive effects of nitrogen and waterlogging

Waterlogging is a main factor causing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield loss, and reasonable nitrogen (N) applications can compensate for this loss. To investigate the effects of N rates on seed yield of waterlogged rapeseed, the waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed variety ZS 9 and sensitive variety GH01 were waterlogged for 0 and 10 days with five leaves at the seedling stage under four N rates (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg/ha). Waterlogging significantly decreased seed yield, while N application can alleviate the yield loss. The yield decrease rate of waterlogged GH01 was greater than that of ZS 9 under the same N rate. During the seedling and bolting stage, the leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity increased, while activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), sucrose synthase (SuSy) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) decreased with more N under the same watering conditions. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the leaf Pn and Rubisco activity, starch and sucrose contents of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the two stages; activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the seedling while increased at the bolting stage for both the two varieties. At the flowering stage, the Pn, the activities of Rubisco, AGPase, SuSy, SPS and contents of sucrose, starch increased with more N application for both ZS 9 and GH01. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the Pn and Rubisco activity for waterlogged plants of the two varieties increased; the waterlogged plants of tolerant variety had higher activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS, while those of sensitive variety was significantly lower. However, the decreased starch and sucrose content were found in both tolerant and sensitive varieties. The activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS at flowering were highly positively correlated with yield under the interactive effects of N and waterlogging. These results suggested that the flowering stage is the most important stage that N had the positive regulation on waterlogged rapeseed growth. The carbohydrates translocation from leaves to seeds of the tolerant variety were enhanced after waterlogging, while that of the sensitive variety was still inhibited. This was the main reason for the difference in yield between the two waterlogged varieties.     

Hyperspectral Models for Estimating SPAD Value of Cotton Leaves under Waterlogging Stress

[Object] To setup the hyperspectral sensing models for estimating SPAD value of cotton leaves under waterlogging stress. [Method] Irrigation and drainage controllable plots were introduced to simulate the waterlogging stress treatment in the flowering and boll forming stage, during which the change characteristics of the cotton leaf spectral reflectance and SPAD value were observed after 1 d, 3 d, 6 d, 9 d waterlogging, respectively. To find out the hyperspectral sensing models for estimating SPAD value of cotton leaves under waterlogging stress, the correlation and regression relationships between SPAD value and spectrum parameters were analyzed. [Result] (1) The SPAD value of the fourth cotton leaf from the top was significantly lower than control when suffers from waterlogging for 3 d, when waterlogged 9 d the SPAD value decreased by around 15% compared with the control. (2) The cotton suffering from waterlogged damage in the flowering and boll forming stage caused the reflection peak in green light wave band became steep, while the near infrared spectral reflectance increased, and caused the reduction of red absorption and red edge position "blue shifts", the red edge position drifts towards short wave with 4～5 nm when suffers from waterlogging for 9 d. With increase of the waterlogged days, the red edge slope and red edge area increased with a maximum value at 6 d of waterlogging, meanwhile, the skewness and kurtosis of red edge increased. (3) After waterlogging, the SPAD value of the fourth cotton leaf from the top (chlorophyll content) had a remarkable correlation with red edge slope(Dr), red edge position(λr), green peak reflection(Rg), green peak position(λg), red well position(λo), blue edge area(SDb), yellow edge skewness(Sy), yellow edge kurtosis(Ky), red edge skewness(Sr), red edge kurtosis(Kr), etc. An experience linear, polynomial and exponential models for estimating SPAD value had been built through using the Sy, Sr, Kr as independent variables, respectively, their determination coefficient (R²) were greater than 0.9, and the root mean square error (RMSE) were less than 1; and an experience binary linear regression equation for estimating SPAD value had been built through multivariate regression using the λg, SDr/SDb(VI3), Sb, Sy, Ky as independent variables, the R² was as high as 0.973, and the RMSE was 0.393. [Conclusion] The model can be remote sensing model used as estimating leaf SPAD of cotton value under waterlogging stress.     

涝胁迫对豫楸1号4种砧木嫁接苗渗透调节物质的影响

通过对涝渍胁迫条件下豫楸1号4种砧木嫁接苗渗透调节物质（Pro、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白）活性的测定,结果表明：在持续涝渍胁迫下,3种渗透调节物质的变化趋势基本一致,整体变化趋势为先上升后下降,只是峰值出现的时间有差异。     

苹果果树渗灌试验研究

1989到1991年对10年生国光和金帅苹果品种的果树进行的渗灌试验结果如下:1,能节水并可防涝;2,可增加土壤孔隙度,提高土壤养分含量;3,增加吸收根数量,促进树体的生长发育。座果率和单株(或单位面积)产量均比漫灌(对照)区高;4,到1991年,果品质量有了明显的改善;5,多孔陶土管成本低;6,田间管理方便。     

盐渍和涝渍对棉苗生长和叶片某些生理性状的复合效应

 以陆地棉鲁棉研17和鲁棉研28为材料,以无盐正常供水为对照,研究了在盐渍、涝渍和盐涝复合胁迫14 d后棉苗干物质积累、叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量等的变化。结果表明,盐渍、涝渍和盐涝复合胁迫都显著影响两个品种的光合速率和干物质积累。盐渍对棉苗的影响程度小于涝渍,而涝渍又小于盐涝复合胁迫,盐涝双重胁迫对棉苗生长和干物质积累的抑制表现出累加效应。盐渍胁迫下叶绿素含量的下降是光合作用受抑制的重要原因,而涝渍和盐涝胁迫下光合速率下降可能是叶绿体结构和PSⅡ稳定性的下降引起的。     

易涝易渍农田地下水动态特征

地下水动态是评价易涝易渍农田生产稳定性的重要指标,基于湖北四湖流域大量调查观测资料对此进行了研究。结果表明,易涝易渍农田地下水位存在明显的年、季差异,呈现出一定的波动性,在不同季节以及不同水平年间波动幅度不大,绝对偏差一般只有1 0~2 0 cm左右,最大不超过4 0 cm,地下水位呈现出在高水位上波动的特点;从微地形地貌看,沿江地势较高的农田其地下水平均埋深和地下水位波动与地势低洼的滨湖农田明显不同,前者明显大于后者。在较大尺度上当降水很接近时,农田地下水埋深随微地貌分异并不显著;对于水网密织的南方平原湖区,农田地下水位变化与周边水体相联系并受其影响,在农田涝渍防治中必须处理好农田与周边水体的关系。     

华南22种园林植物耐涝性筛选

城市园林植物的耐涝性筛选及其合理应用,对海绵城市设施功能的实现作用显著。本研究选取华南地区22种园林植物,通过水淹胁迫(0、5、10和15d)试验,观测其叶绿素相对含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶活性(POD)活性的变化,运用隶属函数和主成分分析法,综合评价其耐涝性。结果表明,对22种植物的耐涝性综合评价值的聚类分析可划分为3个抗逆级别,分别为Ⅰ级耐涝植物:中华天胡荽Hydrocotyle chinensis、风车草Cyperus involucratus、黄蝉Allamanda schottii、鸢尾Ⅰris tectorum、鹅掌柴Schefflera heptaphylla、蓝花草Ruellia simplex、栀子Gardenia jasminoides;Ⅱ级一般较耐涝植物:茉莉花Jasminum sambac、红鳞蒲桃Syzygium hancei、基及树Carmona microphylla、米仔兰Aglaia odorata、四季桂Osmanthus fragrans var. semperflorens、灰莉Fagraea ceilanica、紫薇Lagerstr...     

海河低平原盐渍涝洼区表层土壤积盐影响因素通径分析

采用通径分析方法研究海河低平原盐渍涝洼区表层土壤积盐因素的主次关系结果表明 ,地下水埋深2～ 3m、表层土壤全盐量≤ 5 0g/kg、地表高差≤ 6 6cm地段 ,表层土壤盐渍度主要受心土层盐分状况和微地形因素支配 ,而 6个间接作用中亚表土层全盐量通过心土层全盐量对表层土壤盐分累积的作用最大。     

棉花花铃期涝渍相随对棉花产量的试验研究

在南方易涝易渍地域，棉花花铃期适逢雨季，常受涝渍综合胁迫，对生长发育和产量均有较大影响。笔者利用测坑试验对该问题进行了研究，建立了涝渍灾害型农田4种排水控制指标模式，初步提出了棉花花铃期的涝渍综合排水控制指标，探讨了体现涝渍兼治的排水控制指标。     

江淮流域地下水位变化规律及预报模型与耕作层排渍模型研究

研究分析了江淮流域地下水位年内和年际变化规律以及地下水位与初始土壤湿度、初始地下水位、温度、日照、参考作物蒸散量、蒸发和降水的关系。并用逐步回归方法建立了地下水位预报模型;用相关分析法求出给水度,并建立耕作层排渍模型。