麦氏云杉幼苗生理特征的海拔变异及适应性

以关帝山庞泉沟自然保护区来自3个海拔梯度(1650 m、1980 m和2268 m)的麦氏云杉2年生天然幼苗为试验材料,进行不同海拔麦氏云杉相互移栽,测定移植1个生长季后幼苗的光合生理和叶绿素荧光特性,以期了解来自不同种源麦氏云杉幼苗对海拔的适应性及其对未来气候变化的响应和适应能力。结果表明:1)低海拔种源麦氏云杉幼苗移栽至高海拔之后,气孔导度(gs)减小,蒸腾速率(E)降低,光合速率(An)降低,可溶性糖含量降低,高海拔种源幼苗移栽至低海拔则有相反的趋势。2)最大量子效率(Fv/Fm)、电子传递效率(ETR)、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖最大再生效率(Jmax)和磷酸丙糖利用效率(TPU)指标在样地和种源间差异不显著。综上所述,麦氏云杉幼苗生理特性主要受环境因素的影响,海拔来源的影响较小。     

国家尺度上基于地形因子的光温及气候生产潜力修正算法

【目的】光温/气候生产潜力作为农用地分等中的重要指标之一,直接影响分等结果的准确性。从理论上来说,不同地形地区的光温条件应各不相同,以目前这种一个县一种作物只具有一个生产潜力值的情况来看,当县内地形差异明显时,仅使用一个生产潜力值不能反应出光温条件在县内的异质性,从而使分等结果不能准确描述耕地质量的差异性。论文旨在解决这一问题。【方法】从地形对于光照、温度和降水等与生产潜力密切相关的因子具有严重关联性的角度入手,通过寻找地形因子与生产潜力的关系,利用地形因子对生产潜力进行修正。由于生产潜力是以国家级尺度的数据进行计算的,为了保证修正后生产潜力值的可比性,在国家级尺度上开展修正,以900 m×900 m的DEM数据为计算地形因子的数据来源,首先利用SPSS软件,分别对坡度、坡向、海拔与生产潜力做回归分析,筛选相关性最高的回归模型,确定不同地形因子与生产潜力的相关性;其次利用回归方程、县内平均地形因子值、平均生产潜力值和待修正区的地形因子值得出生产潜力修正公式;最后以不同地形因子与生产潜力的相关系数为权重,将单因子修正后的生产潜力值进行加权,得到最终的综合修正生产潜力值。【结果】以目前农用地分等中正在使用的生产潜力值和DEM数据生成的地形因子做回归分析,其中,参与修正光温生产潜力的样点共3 779个,参与修正气候生产潜力的样点共2 765个。回归分析结果表明,坡度和坡向与光温生产潜力的相关系数分别为0.0008和0.0002,说明在国家级尺度上,以900 m×900 m的DEM数据对坡度、坡向和生产潜力进行回归分析时,这两者与生产潜力的相关性过小,故暂不列为修正生产潜力的因子;海拔与光温生产潜力的相关系数达到0.835,与气候生产潜力的相关系数达到0.721,说明海拔与生产潜力具有高度相关性。根据海拔与生产潜力的回归方程得出,海拔对光温生产潜力的影响系数为1.479,对气候生产潜力的影响系数为1.095。论文以四川省长宁县为例进行了实例验证,结果表明,修正后的生产潜力值与海拔的趋势相同,体现出地势差异对光温条件的影响,并且海拔偏离县平均海拔越大的地区,生产潜力修正后偏离潜力的平均值越多。【结论】国家尺度范围内,海拔对于生产潜力具有重要的影响作用,并且海拔对于光温生产潜力的影响程度高于对气候生产潜力的影响程度,而坡度、坡向在该尺度内与生产潜力不具有明显的相关性。基于数据的限制,论文旨在侧重数学模型方法和修正思想的论述,与实际应用还有一定的距离,在未来研究中可探索利用国家级控制可比性、分区域利用更加精细的数据进行局部修正的方法进一步分析坡度、坡向对生产潜力的影响。     

基于VLF/LF三维闪电探测系统的贵州省全闪分布特征分析

为进一步加强云闪分布特征分析,增强对雷暴云内物理过程的认识,利用2015—2017 年VLF/LF三维闪电探测系统的数据资料对贵州省闪电特征进行空间和时间分布特征分析。结果表明：无论云闪还是地闪,均以负闪为主;闪电发生主要集中在夏季,冬季闪电最少,闪电月际分布主要为单峰型,仅冬季Z比率大于1;闪电主要发生时段为16 时至次日凌晨2 时,Z比率与全闪频数随时间的变化呈正相关,相关系数0.618;全省闪电密度整体呈西高东低趋势,年均闪电密度为5.07 次/(a ·km2);云闪主要发生在高度2k~7 km,全年云闪高度呈下降趋势;雷电强度主要分布在5k~45 kA,平均陡度为7.34 kA/μs。本研究有利于对闪电特征开展更全面的探究和分析,同时对强对流天气监测和预警也有重要意义和价值。     

用DGGE法初步解析茯砖茶渥堆发酵过程中真菌群落的结构

为研究茯砖茶发花过程中真菌群落的结构和种类,对茯砖茶渥堆发酵过程中不同时间段黑毛茶样品中真菌群落的18S rDNA高变区进行扩增,对真菌18S rDNA变性梯度凝胶电脉(DGGE)图谱中的条带进行回收、克隆、测序和序列比对。结果表明:茯砖茶渥堆发酵过程中的真菌类型丰富,有好干性酵母(Wallemia sebi)、假丝酵母菌(Candida sp.)、热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)、路德酵母(Lodderomyces sp.)、汉逊德巴利酵母(Debaryomyces hansenii)、毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、隐球酵母(Cryptococcus sp.)、牧草红酵母(Rhodotorula graminis)、阿姆斯特丹散囊菌(Eurotium amstelodami)、灰绿曲霉(Aspergillus glaucus)、米赫根毛霉(Rhizomucor miehei)、微小根毛霉(Rhizomucor pusillus)、白地霉(Galactomyces geotrichum)、安大略假单胞菌(Candida ontarioensis)、真皮毛孢子菌(Trichosporon dermatis)、斜卧青霉(Penicillium decumbens)、曲霉(Aspergillus penicillioides)等真菌存在;以渥堆24 h为分界点,真菌群落结构在分界点前后变化较大;真菌群落多样性指数在渥堆0~16 h呈升高趋势,16~24 h略有降低,24 h后继续升高,在渥堆后40 h上升到最高水平2.348,而渥堆40~48 h仍然维持在较高水平;在整个渥堆过程中,优势菌路德酵母、汉逊德巴利酵母和次优势菌阿姆斯特丹散囊菌均有出现,在渥堆后期出现了次优势菌好干性酵母、汉逊德巴利酵母和酿酒酵母;比对结果表明,渥堆过程中同时存在3株好干性酵母菌和7株阿姆斯特丹散囊菌,说明在渥堆发酵过程中优势菌种存在多样性。本研究结果表明,采用DGGE指纹图谱能全面、真实地反映茯砖茶渥堆发酵过程中真菌群落的结构和多样性变化。     

Functional characterization of Farfantepenaeus californiensis, Litopenaeus vannamei and L. stylirostris haemocyte separated using density gradient centrifugation

Haemocytes from penaeid shrimp (Farfantepenaeus californiensis, Litopenaeus vannamei and L. stylirostris) were separated using a discontinuous Percoll gradient. Shrimp haemocytes were spontaneously adhered to glass, allowing slide preparations for staining and microscopic differential counting. Like other crustaceans, shrimp has three main populations differing in presence and size of cytoplasmic granules and each population seems to be biochemical or functionally compromised. Prophenoloxidase (proPO )activity was mainly located in large granules haemocytes (75%) while the small granules cells participate with 25%, but seem to be responsible for encapsulation. Haemocyte discrimination ability was tested using Sephadex? (Seph?), DEAE‐Seph? and CM‐Seph?. Only DEAE‐Seph? was encapsulated by shrimp haemocytes and provoked the release of proPO activating system, indicating the role of particle charge in the activation of shrimp immune response.     

Effect of Bacillus cereus as a water or feed additive on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia

We evaluated the effects of Bacillus cereus, as an additive in water and feed, on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Experiments were performed in tanks and net cages respectively. Experiment 1: Tilapia were housed in tanks for 42 days, and B. cereus was added to the water at 1.0 × 10⁴ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 ×10⁵ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Experiment 2: Tilapia were housed in cages for 42 days, and the feed was supplemented with B. cereus at 1.0 × 10⁷ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 × 10⁸ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Each treatment contained three replicates, with 50 male tilapias per replicate. The fish from the probiotic treatments in both tank and cage experiments had significantly higher serum lysozyme and peroxidase activities than the control. In the cage experiment, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase activities in tilapia were significantly higher in probiotic treatments compared with the control. The results of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that B. cereus supplementation in the feed and water affected the autochthonous gut bacteria community of tilapia and stimulated various potentially beneficial bacteria. Therefore, B. cereus, as a water or feed additive, could enhance the immune status and affect the gut microbiota of tilapia. Bacillus cereus was more effective as a feed supplement rather than a water additive for enhancing the immune status of tilapia.     

土培条件下不同盐分梯度对水稻产量及其生理特性的影响

以南粳9108和甬优2640为材料,设置6个土壤含盐量(0%、0.07%、0.14%、0.21%、0.28%、0.35%),研究不同盐分梯度对水稻产量和生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫影响水稻的生长和发育进程。株高、叶面积、干物质量等形态指标均随盐浓度的上升而下降;稻谷产量亦随盐浓度增加而下降,在0.14%、0.21%、0.28%、0.35%盐浓度处理时产量显著下降,南粳9108分别减产14.14%、43.65%、58.91%、65.68%,甬优2640分别减产20.25%、31.97%、40.41%、49.82%。(2)随着盐浓度的增加,2个参试品种抽穗期叶片抗氧化酶活性均呈先升后降趋势,在0.07%处理下达最高值。(3)抽穗期叶片中游离脯氨酸含量随盐浓度的上升而增加,盐浓度大于0.14%,游离脯氨酸含量较对照显著增加。(4)盐胁迫下,水稻植株吸收Na~+并置换出K~+,除叶片中K~+变化无规律之外,随着盐浓度上升,各部位K~+含量均下降,Na~+含量均上升,K~+/Na~+均呈下降趋势。茎鞘与叶运输的SK、Na随盐浓度的上升而上升,茎选择性运输K~+而抑制Na~+进入叶片;根与茎的SK、Na随盐浓度的上升而下降,茎吸收Na~+并输出K~+到根系。总体而言,低盐浓度对高产水稻品种产量和生理特性无显著影响,盐浓度大于0.07%时影响显著。     

Integrating in situ quantitative geographic information tools and size‐specific,laboratory‐based growth zones in a dynamic river‐mouth estuary

• 1. The ultimate determination of coastal habitat suitability requires the integration of both dynamic (i.e. water mass characteristics) and stationary (structural) habitats. An approach using real‐time streamed data collection, remote sensing, and GIS modelling to compare and contrast seasonal and spatial patterns in these habitat components of the eastern and western distributaries of the lower Pascagoula River estuary is described.
• 2. Structural and dynamic habitat characteristics are described using GIS and integrated with published growth data on juvenile mullet (Mugil spp.) and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) to reveal zones of accelerated growth. Both mullet and spot had their greatest growth when water temperature and salinity (dynamic habitat) were physiologically optimal. The lack of spatial difference in the dynamic habitat between distributaries resulted in no growth zone differences for both species.
• 3. The integration of the growth zones with the structural habitat component showed that the west distributary, with its greater availability and reduced fragmentation of main channel marsh edge, should provide a greater area of essential fish habitat than the east distributary for juvenile spot, a marsh‐edge associate. Because juvenile mullet are less associated with structural wetland habitat, growth zones and the stationary (structural) habitat were not integrated.
• 4. The approach of integrating real‐time geo‐referenced water quality data with regional fish growth‐rate data is an important step towards a quantitative understanding of the hierarchical nature and inherent variability of dynamic coastal environments. The use of this holistic approach should lead to more effective management of estuarine systems, especially in regard to potential impacts within the estuary's watershed and to its coupling with offshore environments.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于气象-生理的夏玉米作物系数及蒸散估算

准确估算作物系数对预测作物实际蒸散量和制定精准的灌溉计划至关重要。为反映作物逐日作物系数变化,综合考虑气象和生物因子对作物生长的共同影响,采用五道沟水文实验站大型蒸渗仪夏玉米实测蒸散及气象数据,基于地温及叶面积指数建立了气象-生理双函数乘法模型,并结合梯度下降法对模型进行了精度优化。结果表明,在整个玉米生长期中,作物系数实测值和计算值平均绝对误差为0.12,均方根误差为0.15,相关性为0.91,蒸散量实测值与计算值平均绝对误差为1.0 mm/d,均方根误差为4.5 mm/d,相关性为0.75。该模型计算的全生育期蒸散量准确率(误差在2～3 mm/d以内)相比使用联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的作物系数计算所得准确率提高了3倍以上,可更精确用于作物系数及蒸散量计算。     

陕北黄土区退耕还林(草)地土壤质量特征及其对降水的响应

为了解陕北黄土区退耕还林（草）地土壤质量差异特征及其对降水的响应,该文沿370～470 mm的降水梯度,选取了陕西省吴起县境内的王洼子（370～395 mm）、大吉沟（440～445 mm）和白豹（460～470 mm）3个降水梯度区作为研究区,并结合土壤质量指数法,定量评价降水梯度区广泛栽植的刺槐林（Robinia pseudoacacia）、沙棘林（Hippophae rhamnoides）和草地的土壤物理结构、持水性、盐碱度、碳汇指标以及速效养分指标方面的综合得分,明确植被恢复后土壤质量随降水梯度的变化特征。结果表明：1）降水量、植被类型以及二者的交互作用对土壤指标影响显著（P<0.05）。2）在460～470 mm降水量区,刺槐林（0.829）对土壤质量改良效果最好,其次为沙棘林（0.808）,二者土壤质量均达到肥沃水平,且差异不显著,草地（0.679）土壤质量指数最低,土壤为较肥沃水平;在440～445 mm降水量区,沙棘林（0.74）对土壤改良效果最好,其次为刺槐林（0.601）,二者均达到较肥沃水平,草地（0.479）土壤质量指数最低为中等水平;在370～395 mm降水量区,3种植被类型土壤质量指数由大到小表现为沙棘林（0.744）>刺槐林（0.387）>草地（0.251）,沙棘林土壤质量等级为较肥沃、刺槐林和草地为贫瘠水平。3）在370～470 mm降水梯度内,3种植被类型土壤质量综合指数均随着降水量的减少而降低,其中沙棘林土壤质量指数变异性较低（4.1%）,刺槐林（30.1%）和草地（37.2%）土壤质量变异性较高。该研究结果可为陕北黄土区370～470 mm降水梯度下的植被恢复与重建等林业生态工程实施提供数据支撑与理论支持。