内蒙古玉米机械粒收质量及其影响因素研究

2013～2017年在内蒙古开展9组机械粒收品种筛选与技术集成示范,共获得97个品种/组合139个品次样本数据。收获时采取机械粒收测产方式对其中6组试验进行产量和收获质量测试,结果表明,收获时子粒破碎率均值为9.89%,产量总损失率均值为5.77%,高于国标(GBT-21961—2008)规定≤5%的要求。子粒含水率均值为26.78%,含水率与破碎率、杂质率呈显著正相关。按子粒含水率和单产水平2个指标采用双向平均法作图进行品种分类,对97个供试品种/组合进行初步筛选,吉单66等15个品种表现出子粒含水率低、单产水平高的特点,适合机械粒收。     

生态农业--可持续农业发展的良好途径

本文阐述了生态农业与可持续农业的概念、背景、现状以及将来发展的趋势。通过福建生态农业的建设，说明生态农业发展与可持续农业的重要性，说明发展生态农业是可持续发展的良好途径。     

规模化稻鸭生产对早稻病虫害变化规律及经济效益的影响

通过大田试验研究了规模稻鸭生态种养系统中水稻病虫害的消长变化规律及其经济效益。结果表明：规模稻鸭生态种养（IF）水稻二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱和稻叶蝉平均虫量较水稻单一种植（CK）分别下降54．4％,48．8％,73．6％和96．1％,纹枯病和稻瘟病病株率分别降低78．9％和48．5％;较常规稻鸭生态种养（CF）水稻二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱和稻叶蝉量分别下降18．2％,9．5％,7．0％和0．82％,纹枯病病株率降低35．5％,稻瘟病病株率升高8．0％。规模稻鸭生态种养稻飞虱和二化螟对水稻危害株率比常规稻鸭生态种养分别降低52．9％和6．9％。试验还表明,规模稻鸭生态种养系统中水稻二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱虫峰迟现,持续危害时间短;纹枯病蔓延危害期缩短10～14d;水稻有效穗数、穗粒数增多,千粒重增加,空壳率降低,产量最高。规模稻鸭生态种养较常规稻鸭生态种养和水稻单一种植分别增收1024．32,1370．61元／hm2,增幅44．47％和70．03％。因此,规模稻鸭生态种养可以实现对水稻病虫害的生态控制,且经济效益显著提高,对于提升我国现代农业生产实践具有重要意义。     

Spatial variability in the growth of direct-seeded rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in northeast Thailand

Large within-field variation in rice growth often causes production loss in broadcast-seeded (BC) rainfed lowland rice. The spatial variability of direct-seeded rainfed lowland rice was evaluated in 2004, 2005, and 2007 in on-station experiments at Ubon Ratchathani, northeast Thailand, in relation to soil water content and weed infestation, by adopting semivariogram and block kriging, including comparisons among BC with harrowing (BCH; no weeding), BC with no harrowing (BCNH; no weeding), and row-seeded (RS; interrow weeding once) fields. BCH and BCNH were also compared in 11 farmers’ fields in 2006 and 2007, to assess the effect of harrowing on rice growth and weed infestation. During most of the rice growing periods, flooded and non-flooded portions existed simultaneously in the fields, with different proportions among years and among seeding methods in the on-station experiment. BCH and BCNH rice had large within-field variation in seedling density, heading date, shoot dry matter, grain yield, harvest index, panicle density, and filled spikelet per panicle, as well as in weed infestation, measured by a quick visual estimation. Many of the measured variables (except mean soil water content in RS in 2007, seedling density in BCH in 2005 and 2007, shoot dry matter in BCH and BCNH in 2007, and panicle density in BCH in 2007) were spatially dependent (i.e., data from nearby locations were most similar) by geostatistical analysis. Analysis of correlations using the 420 data sets of BCH plots in 2005 and BCH, BCNH, and RS plots in 2007 revealed a positive correlation between soil water content and grain yield and negative correlations between weed infestation and soil water content and grain yield. Compared with BCH, in 2007 BCNH had much lower grain yield because of lower soil water content after establishment and more weed infestation. BCH had higher grain yield than BCNH in weedy fields in the farmers’ fields experiment. RS with interrow weeding resulted in a smaller coefficient of variation, smaller sill value, and higher grain yield than BCH, due to less weed infestation and a higher proportion of flooded water. These results indicated that reducing the spatial variability in rice growth requires careful field preparation, such as harrowing to level the soil surface and to reduce the uneven distribution of standing water and the variability in soil water content, combined with effective crop and weed management (i.e., harrowing and row-seeding). This is the first study that examined spatial variability in the growth of direct-seeded rice as a function of soil water content and weed infestation in a rainfed lowland environment.     

花后水分亏缺对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为给小麦高产和生育后期抗旱栽培提供理论依据,盆栽试验条件下,选用旱地小麦品种长武134、长旱58和水地小麦品种西农9871作为试验材料,研究了花后水分亏缺对不同生态型小麦光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明,花后水分亏缺对小麦灌浆期旗叶光合速率(Pn)和荧光参数(Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm)、籽粒产量、收获指数及水分利用效率均有明显影响.与对照相比,中度水分亏缺下两个旱地小麦品种Pn除花后24 d外变化均不明显,Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm有升高趋势,产量和收获指数变化也不显著,水分利用效率明显提高;在重度水分亏缺下,Pn、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、产量和收获指数均降低,水分利用效率长武134依然高于对照,而长旱58明显降低.水地小麦西农9871的Pn、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm随水分亏缺程度的加重呈下降趋势,产量和收获指数与旱地小麦变化相似,水分利用效率处理间差异较小.说明旱地小麦受花后水分亏缺的不利影响小于水地小麦,表现出较高的水分利用能力.     

越冬期测墒补灌对冬小麦光合特性和水分利用效率的影响

为了解越冬期测墒补灌对冬小麦光合特性和水分利用效率的影响,于2013-2014年小麦生长季,选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,在大田条件下,依据0~40 cm土层进行测墒补灌。设置5个试验处理,即全生育期不灌水（W0）、越冬期不灌水（W1）、越冬期补灌至土壤相对含水量70%（W2）,越冬期补灌至土壤相对含水量75%（W3）及越冬期+拔节期+开花期各灌溉60 mm（W4）,其中W1、W2和W3处理在越冬期补灌基础上于拔节期和开花期分别补灌至土壤相对含水量的65%和70%,对不同水分条件下冬小麦叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、干物质积累、籽粒产量和水分利用效率进行了分析。结果表明,小麦各生育期总灌水量为W4＞W3＞W2＞W1＞W0。在灌浆中期,小麦旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均表现为W4＞W2、W3＞W1＞W0,拔节期、开花期和成熟期干物质积累量表现为W4＞W2＞W3＞W1＞W0;W2处理开花后干物质积累量和对籽粒的贡献率与W4处理无显著差异,均显著高于W0、W1和W3处理;各处理籽粒产量表现为W4＞W2、W3＞W1＞W0;水分利用效率表现为W2＞W1、W3＞W4＞W0。依据0~40 cm土层进行测墒补灌,小麦越冬期土壤目标相对含水量达70%的W2处理的补灌水量低于W3和W4处理,籽粒产量和水分利用效率较优,分别为8 864. 46 kg·hm^-2和22.14 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,是高产节水的最佳灌溉处理。     

马铃薯叶片水分利用效率及相关生理性状研究

试验于2011年在哈尔滨东北农业大学香坊试验实习基地进行,以4个马铃薯品种为材料,通过盆栽控水试验对马铃薯的叶片水分利用率（LWUE）及与其相关生理性状进行研究。结果表明,在水分胁迫下参试品种的叶片水分利用效率均表现为花期〉蕾期〉苗期〉收获期,且品种间叶片水分利用率差异显著。光合速率、蜡质、可溶性糖含量与LWUE呈极显著正相关。蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度与LWUE呈显著负相关,气孔导度与LWUE呈极显著负相关。     

A Review on Decaffeination of Tea Products

Since caffeine possesses some well-unknown adverse effects,many attempts have been conducted to remove it from tea products,including selective extraction with different solvents,enzymatic degradation and inhibition the caffeine synthesis pathway.Reports showed that caffeine can be safely and efficiently removed from fresh tea leaves by hot water blanching,however this approach is not suitable for treating the rolled or dried leaves because of the unavoidable loss of catechins.Although microwave-enhanced vacuum ice water extraction can be used for decaffeination of dried tea,time consumption seems to be the main shortage of this method.Liquefied dimethyl ether might be used as another alternative solvent for selective extraction of caffeine from tea products because of its low toxicity and residum,but its decaffeination efficiency needs to be verified furthermore.It has been proved that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is an effective approach for removing caffeine from different types of tea products,while the application of the technique is always limited as its expensive equipments and high running costs.Decaffeination with microbe incubation or enzymatic digestion is highly hopeful since many studies showed that some microorganisms can degrade the caffeine through induced demethylase and oxidase under gentle condition in some model systems,unfortunately,this approach is far away from application since security and quality of the decaffeinated products are rarely concerned.Low-caffeine tea products can be easily produced through normal manufacture by using the leaves harvested from some low-caffeine cultivars which are derived through genetic modification or conventional breeding,but these germplasms are very limited.     

黄淮流域部分小麦种质材料抗旱和品质特性的评价及筛选

为了筛选出兼顾小麦抗旱性和优良品质的小麦种质,于2012-2014年通过杨凌和永寿两个点的田间试验,对黄淮流域116份小麦种质材料的抗旱性和品质进行了鉴定。结果共筛选出抗旱小麦种质材料10份,旱地强筋小麦种质材料24份,其中,强筋抗旱小麦种质材料仅4份,即98-10-30、PB1070、新9408和XNCW3。此外,本研究还发现,有效穗数、穗粒数和单株产量在两年试验中均与抗旱系数、抗旱指数和抗旱系数的加权隶属函数呈极显著相关关系,说明有效穗数、穗粒数和单株产量可以初步作为小麦抗旱鉴定和旱地品种选育的初选指标。     

不同施氮处理对水稻颖果灌浆和呼吸活性的影响

为了研究施氮量和施氮时期对水稻颖果生理活性的影响,以一籼一粳两个水稻品种为材料,施用分蘖肥和孕穗肥,并在施氮总量相同的条件下设置了前高后低和前低后高两个处理。研究结果表明：增施氮肥维持了水稻颖果灌浆后期较高的含水率,延长了颖果灌浆充实的时间;维持了水稻颖果灌浆充实期尤其是灌浆后期较高的呼吸速率,并且使颖果维持较高呼吸活性的时间延长;延长了颖果各组织维持脱氢酶活性的时间。其中孕穗肥较高的施氮处理比分蘖肥较高的施氮处理效果更为显著。