基于GIS的黄河下游分布式水资源模拟

分布式水文模型是水文界研究的焦点问题之一。该研究选用黄河下游流域作为典型研究流域，应用ARC／INFO技术和遥感信息、国内最新水资源调查资料和我国自行开发的LL-Ⅱ分布式水文模型对流域的水资源量进行模拟计算。黄河下游流域内主河道由于泥沙的不断淤积属于典型的地上悬河，而且该地区随着经济的不断发展，人类活动对水资源的影响日益显著，尤其是跨流域调水的影响。本研究充分考虑各种人类活动对水资源的影响，对径流过程进行连续模拟，并取得了较好的模拟结果。     

小型农村水利改革思路

在分析小型农村水利的特点和性质的基础上,理清了小型农村水利改革的思路。认为：小型农村水利具有工程小、数量多、分布面广,地位重要但易受忽视,涉及范围广、服务功能多、公用性、垄断性、群众性、政策性、公益性、系统性和整体性强,季节使用、经营管理难等特点。改革的核心要按照“谁受益,谁负担,谁投资,谁所有”的原则,组建用水合作组织,明晰所有权。改革的关键是把所有权与经营管理权分开,采用灵活多样的形式加强经营管理。改革的实质是建设与管理制度改革,不能简单理解为“产权制度改革”。     

Farmer's perspective on irrigation performance

Of the many client groups with interests in irrigation system performance, farmers are probably the least often considered. This paper attempts to explore the meaning of irrigation performance from their perspective, highlighting at the outset basic difference between this perspective and that of system managers. It then reviews several important concepts underlying a consideration of performance in irrigation systems. The paper then proposes and discusses a set of twelve measures of irrigation service judged to be of interest to farmers. These are adequacy, timeliness, equity, tractability, convenience, predictability, temperature, sediment content, salt content, nutrient content, toxics, and pathogens.     

Effects of arrangement of surge-rootirrigation emitters on growth,yield andwater use efficiency of apple trees

Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment. The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards. There were three factors: the buried depth H( 25,40,55 cm),the horizontal distance L( 30,40,60 cm) between the emitters and the trunk of the experimental tree,and the number of the irrigation emitters N( 1,2,4). The effect of the arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on the growth,yield and irrigation water use efficiency( IWUE) of apple trees were studied in Northern Shaanxi where the irrigation quota takes 60%-75% of the field water capacity. The results showed that the arrangement of emitters for surge-root irrigation had a significant effect on apple tree yield and IWUE,especially,the yield and IWUE reached 28 388. 17 kg/hm2 and 16. 83 kg/m3 in treatment T3,respectively. At the same L and N levels( T1,T2,and T3),the yield and IWUE in treatment T3 were the highest,and the yields in treatments T1 and T2 were decreased by 26.22% and 31.48%,while IWUE is reduced by14.02% and 18.12% compared with T3,respectively. At the same H and N levels( T3,T4,and T5),the yield and IWUE of apple trees were decreased with increasing L level. Especially,when L was 30 cm( T3),the yield and IWUE were the highest. The same L and H levels( T3,T6,and T7) could promote the growth of apple trees when N was 2( T3). Compared with treatment T3,it was found that the increment of new shoots was decreased by 8.07%-18.71%,and the fruit diameter was decreased by 5.41%-9.11%. Therefore,two emitters should be arranged symmetrically on both sides of an apple tree,each was buried at a 40 cm depth and 30 cm away from the trunk of the tree to effectively improve the yield and IWUE of the apple tree in mountainous areas in Northern Shaanxi.     

提高务工农民人力资本的对策分析

农村人力资源开发最有效、最直接的方法是加强农村教育。为此，针对中国当前农民工素质偏低、阻碍农村富余劳动力转移的情况．立足于黑龙江省现实．从完善农村综合教育体制改革的角度出发，对提高农民工人力资本进行了研究。     

0.6m3水力碎浆机传动系统的设计

在水力碎浆机的设计过程中,传动系统的设计非常关键,因传动系统的设计直接决定了整台机器的性能、效率。传动系统将转距由电动机通过带轮传动、主轴传送至转盘、刀片,转盘的回转形成浆流的循环和物料的摩擦,加之转盘及槽体上安装的刀片的碎解作用,从而把物料碎解成浆。0.6m3水力碎浆机是专为造纸实验室而设计,该产品传动系统采用转子传动装置 皮带传动 立式电动机的结构形式,主要包括主轴、大皮带轮、轴承、轴承座、受浆盘和转盘等部件。与传统水力碎浆机设计不同的是,0.6m3水力碎浆机槽体内不设计传动结构,动力消耗少,运行平稳。     

一种新的能量叠加点火系性能匹配研究

在能量叠加点火系电路分析的基础上，对其进行了匹配发动机的试验研究。试验结果表明，能量叠加点火系可有效改善发动机的点火性能，从而使发动机的动力性能提高约2％～5％，经济性能改善4％左右，怠速排放特性改善幅度达10％左右，外特性排放改善幅度达8％～20％；与传统点火系相比，还可以使发动机最低稳定运转速度降低30％左右，同时使发动机的起动变得迅速、容易。试验结果与理论分析完全吻合，证明了能量叠加点火系确实可以缩短可燃混合气的着火延迟期，有利于混合气的快速燃烧，这种技术特别适合于稀薄燃烧与快速燃烧系统。     

用于直流传动控制系统的串行通讯

介绍了用Visual Basic提供的串行通讯控件，通过编程实现了PC机与应用单片机触发电路的直流传动系统的通信。     

万亩农田节水灌溉综合开发区的规划与效果

通过对开发区农田生态系统的综合论证,提出研究目标、技术决策和规划原则,采用水利、农业相结合的节水技术体系,运用汇水、输水、调水、配水相结合的方式,联合调用地表、地下水资源,提高水的利用率,为中低产贫水区大面积推广综合节水灌溉提供可行的技术模式。     

空间电场阴极聚水机理及初步试验研究

为了解决干旱地区缺水问题,采用施加正向空间电场的方法,使悬浮在气体中的雾粒荷电在静电力的作用下定向移动,迅速地积聚到作为阴极的土壤表面,同时也抑制了土壤水分蒸发,从而实现了空间电场的阴极聚水.为此,设计了一种电极电压、异极距和间歇工作节拍可调的空间电场聚水试验系统,研究了空间电场对土壤含水率的影响规律.初步试验结果表明,在气候条件比较干旱的情况下,在正向空间电场中的土壤水分蒸发明显要比在大气电场中的慢,说明了适宜的正向空间电场可以抑制土壤水的蒸发.