Effects of ammonium and inorganic carbon enrichment on growth and yield of a hydroponic tomato crop

Effects of varying the proportions of NO₃^— and NH₄⁺ in the growth medium on seedling growth and tomato fruit yield (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Trust F1) were investigated in greenhouse hydroponic experiments. The presence of NH₄⁺ as the sole N source (11 mM) was toxic: it curtailed growth and decreased chlorophyll content of the leaves. However, at low concentration (10 % of total N), the presence of NH₄⁺, with or without added dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), increased vegetative growth and fruit yield by ˜ 15 %, and enhanced taste/flavor of the fruits. In DIC‐enriched treatment, pH was maintained at 5.8 by addition of KHCO₃ or as CaCO₃. The presence of NH₄⁺, at 10 % of total N, inhibited NO₃^— uptake rates by ˜ 27 %. The rates of uptake of NO₃^— and NH₄⁺ were comparable (13.3 and 14.2 mmol plant^—1 d^—1, respectively, in the presence of DIC, and 14.7 and 14.0 mmol plant^—1 d^—1, respectively, in the absence of DIC), despite such a large difference in their concentrations in the nutrient feed solution. A higher proportion of NH₄⁺ (up to 50 % of total N) had no further significant effect upon early vegetative growth, but in a long‐term experiment resulted in a high incidence of blossom end‐rot (BER) disease, thereby severely curtailing fruit yield. The presence of even 1.1 mM NH₄⁺ reduced Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ accumulation in the leaves as well as in fruits.     

Greenhouse gas emissions in response to straw incorporation,water management and their interaction in a paddy field in subtropical central China

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of combination of straw incorporation and water management on fluxes of CH₄, N₂O and soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) in a paddy field in subtropical central China by using a static opaque chamber/gas chromatography method. Four treatments were set up: two rice straw incorporation rates at 0 (S1) and 6 (S2) t ha^?1 combined with two water managements of intermittent irrigation (W1, with mid-season drainage) and continuous flooding (W2, without mid-season drainage). The cumulative seasonal CH₄ emissions for the treatments of S1W2, S2W1 and S2W2 increased significantly by 1.84, 5.47 and 6.63 times, respectively, while seasonal N₂O emissions decreased by 0.67, 0.29 and 1.21 times, respectively, as compared to S1W1 treatment. The significant increase in the cumulative Rh for the treatments S1W1, S2W1 and S2W2 were 0.54, 1.35 and 0.52 times, respectively, in comparison with S1W2. On a seasonal basis, both the CO₂-equivalents (CO₂e) and yield-scaled CO₂e (GHGI) of CH₄ and N₂O emissions increased with straw incorporation and continuous flooding, following the order: S2W2>S2W1>S1W2>S1W1. Thus, the practices of in season straw incorporation should be discouraged, while mid-season drainage is recommended in paddy rice production from a point view of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.     

永久性贮水池在水灭火法扑救森林火灾中的运用

本文简要阐述了水灭火法灭火原理与系统组成,提出通过建立永久性贮水池促进水灭火法将成为我国林火扑救重要手段的发展设想。     

调亏灌溉和氮处理对小桐子生长及水分利用的影响

为了研究阶段水分亏缺(亏水+不亏水W_LW_H、不亏水+亏水W_HW_L、亏水+亏水W_LW_L、不亏水+不亏水W_HW_H)和不同施氮量(N_Z:0,N_L:0.2 g/kg,N_H:0.4 g/kg)对小桐子生长、生理指标和灌溉水利用效率的影响,通过盆栽试验,发现W_LW_H的生长和灌溉水利用效率均显著高于W_HW_L;作物的灌溉水利用效率随施氮量的增大而呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在N_L水平下达到最大值;与高水高氮的处理N_HW_HW_H相比,中水低氮处理N_LW_LW_H节约灌溉水27%,节约氮肥使用量50%,小桐子株高减少31%、总干物质量减少35%,灌溉水利用效率减少13%,但茎粗增加13%,根冠比增加20%.可见小桐子在第一阶段处理(40~90 d)幼树期对水分的需求量较小,适度的亏缺灌溉可提高灌溉水利用效率;小桐子在第二阶段处理(90~140 d)处于旺长期,对水分的需求量较大,增大灌水量可大幅度促进小桐子生长及其干物质量的积累.全生育期实施亏缺灌溉,可提高小桐子自身适应外界环境能力,抗干旱胁迫能力也逐渐增强,但W_LW_L水平下的小桐子生长缓慢.经综合分析,认为处理N_LW_LW_H可作为干旱地区条件下的小桐子灌溉和施氮制度.     

甘蓝型油菜含油量的遗传研究

采用7×7双列杂交设计,研究了甘蓝型油菜含油量的基因作用和其它遗传参数,以及含油量与其它农艺性状、品质性状的关系。结果表明:含油量的遗传符合加性—显性遗传模型,有关基因在亲本中呈独立分布;显性指向增效,表现超显性作用;亲本中显性基因比隐性基因多,增效基因比减效基因的频率大;控制含油量并表现显性的基因约为4组;含油量的广义和狭义遗传力分别为81.16％和30.90％。单相关和逐步回归分析一致表明,单株产量、每角粒数、主花序长度和株高对含油量有较强正向作用,但角果长度和全株总角果数的作用为负。本文还讨论了基因作用分析在探讨配合力的基因效应成分和杂种优势产生的可能原因中的意义,及其在选择中的应用。     

东北玉米通风调质试验

东北地区储粮粮堆由于气候原因存在一个巨大的"冷心",冷心的主要应用方式为膜下环流均温控制和缓式通风上调冷心控粮温,这两种方式都是利用冷资源进行的粮温控制。而目前的粮堆增湿方式主要为湿膜机增湿和各种调质机增湿,利用"冷心"增湿还没有成功的案例。利用冷心增湿,内结露现象很严重,而且容易出现局部水分偏高现象,且违反机械通风操作规程1。但通过缓式通风的精确掌握和粮堆增湿理论的精确控制,大胆试验,事实证明冷心内结露增湿方式是可行的。试验将出仓前平均水分13.5%提高到最高14.8%,平均水分14.1%,达到试验预期目的。试验仓出仓验证实际增量21.05t,效益十分可观。     

耕作与施肥模式对渭北旱塬春玉米田蓄水保墒与玉米产量的影响

为揭示渭北旱塬春玉米田休闲期不同保护性耕作模式的蓄水保墒与增产增收效应,寻找适合渭北旱塬春玉米田水肥高效利用的耕作方式和施肥水平,于2013—2014年度在陕西省合阳县甘井镇春玉米田分别设置传统农户模式(翻耕+低肥,S1)、现有高效模式(免耕+高肥,S2)、创新高效模式(深松+平衡施肥,S3)等模式处理,研究各类耕作与施肥相结合保护性耕作模式下春玉米水分利用率、产量和经济效益差异。结果表明,创新模式S3和现有模式S2较农户模式S1播前增加了土壤贮水量;创新模式S3和现有模式S2处理在玉米主要生育期0~200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量分别比农户模式S1增加23.3 mm和18.1 mm,水分利用效率分别提高12.3%和10%,产量增加11.1%、9.2%。创新模式和现有模式均较农户模式能够增加土壤贮水量,提高水分利用效率,增加产量和经济效益,但创新模式蓄水保墒,增产增收优势明显,是适合渭北旱塬地区春玉米生产的水肥管理模式。     

Effects of nitrogen and water stress on the rehydration,endogenous hormonal regulation and yield of maize

Water scarcity is known to be a strong limiting factor affecting maize grown and yield in cold semi-arid regions. Numerous studies have shown that rehydration improves maize growth. Our study aimed to explore the effects of rehydration treatments on maize growth and yield under water and nitrogen stress during different growth stages. We selected the drought-tolerant maize variety Nendan 19 (ND19) and subjected it to water stress during the V6 (sixth-leaf), R2 (filling) and R6 (maturity) growth stages and a rehydration treatment after each stress stage. Our results indicated that N1 (N100 kg N ha⁻¹) and N3 (N300 kg N ha⁻¹) treatments significantly increased the leaf moisture status relative to water content (RWC), bound water content (BWC), free water content (FWC) and water potential (WP)) at different growth stages. Similar trends were observed in the accumulation of plant leaf and root hormones (zeatin+zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid), photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence. However, under the same water stress conditions, they decreased as the N rate increased and reached a minimum value in the S3 (water stress for N3) treatments. In addition, with growth stage advancement and extension of the rehydration time, both showed a gradual upward trend. The results showed that to save water resources in the cold semi-arid region, rehydration treatments (R2S1 and R2S3) significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, leaf moisture status, biomass, 100-grain weight, hormone content, ear characteristics and grain yield of maize.     

Improved management of mango fruit though orchard and packinghouse treatments to reduce lenticel discoloration and prevent decay

Mango fruit are exposed to complex postharvest handling management, intended to improve postharvest quality retention during export shipment. Susceptibility to lenticel discoloration and to Alternaria side rots and Phomopsis stem-end rot under current handling conditions led us to re-evaluate and modify the chain of postharvest treatments, from the orchard to the packinghouse. The previously developed hot-water brushing (HWB) treatment was found effective in reducing incidence of Alternaria and stem-end rots, but it significantly induced development of red lenticels. Two factors were key to improving fruit quality, by simultaneously reducing lenticel discoloration and decay development: (a) postharvest water and/or NaOH washes in the orchard, and (b) hot-water spray (HWS) applied over rollers without brushes in the packinghouse. The present results indicate that optimal management involves combinations of water washes in the orchard with packinghouse HWS treatment; this significantly reduced the severity of lenticel discoloration by 50–60%, and the incidence and extent of postharvest side rots caused by Alternaria by 60% or more. These results indicate that appropriate handling of fruit can appreciably improve their quality during prolonged storage and shipment.