Constant and diurnally-varying temperature regimes lead to different temperature sensitivities of soil organic carbon decomposition

In a 122-day incubation experiment with two soil types under four temperature treatments, we examined whether the temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition differed between constant and diurnally-varying soil temperature regimes. We calculated the Q₁₀ values after accounting for changes in substrate availability and quality among treatments over time. The Q₁₀ values under constant temperature regime were consistently and significantly higher than those under diurnally-varying temperature regime, particularly in the later stages of decomposition (by up to 30%). This result indicated that different temperature regime was one of the important factors causing the current controversy about the temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition in published reports.     

日光温室主动蓄放热冠层增温系统性能研究

【目的】设计日光温室主动蓄放热冠层增温系统(Active heat storage-release system for canopy warming,AHSCW)并进行实地试验,分析该系统对番茄冠层的增温效果,为进一步探讨主动蓄放热热能的高效应用方式和作物局部增温系统的设计提供参考。【方法】在第六代主动蓄放热系统基础上设计AHSCW,以太阳能为热源,白天通过水循环将太阳能以热能的形式收集于蓄热水池内,夜间通过冠层增温管道释放热量,对番茄冠层进行局部增温。以使用AHSCW的日光温室为试验温室,未加温的日光温室为对照温室,通过测定太阳辐射强度、番茄冠层空气温度、水温及水泵耗电量参数及不同时期番茄的株高、茎粗和产量,对系统的增温效果进行测试与分析。【结果】白天AHSCW的蓄热量为166～194 MJ,夜间放热量为129～142 MJ,能量利用效率为67%～86%;该系统能够提高番茄冠层区域气温1.4～3.0℃;AHSCW温室果实产量为1.14 kg/m~2,是对照温室(0.64 kg/m~2)的1.77倍。【结论】AHSCW可以明显提高番茄冠层气温,保证番茄的越冬生产,促进番茄生长,增加其产量并可使果实提前成熟上市。     

模拟增温条件下翻耕免耕农田土壤CH4通量响应

为研究未来气候变暖下我国华北翻耕、免耕农田CH4通量响应,评估该地农田碳汇/源情况,使用远红外辐射增温仪模拟气候变暖,设计翻耕增温(CTW)、翻耕不增温(CTN)、免耕增温(NTW)、免耕不增温(NTN)4个处理。研究表明,2013—2015年小麦-玉米季,增温分别显著提高翻耕、免耕农田10 cm土壤温度1.5℃和1.4℃(P0.05);但对两种耕作农田土壤水分的影响并不显著(P0.05)。各处理土壤CH4通量无明显季节变化,但累积CH4吸收具有显著年际差异。2013—2014年小麦季,CTW和NTW相比CTN和NTN处理,累积CH4吸收分别显著增加35.8%和108.8%(P0.01);但在2014—2015年,CTW处理显著降低17.7%(P0.05)。两年玉米季,处理间累积CH4吸收无显著差异(P0.05)。各处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量与CH4存在显著正相关关系。未来气候变暖条件下,翻耕农田MBC含量减小将可能减缓华北农田CH4吸收。     

Estimates of forest biomass in the Brazilian Amazon: New allometric equations and adjustments to biomass from wood-volume inventories

Uncertainties in biomass estimates in Amazonian forests result in a broad range of possible magnitude for the emissions of carbon from deforestation and other land-use changes. This paper presents biomass equations developed from trees directly weighed in open forest on fertile soils in the southern Amazon (SA) and allometric equations for bole-volume estimates of trees in both dense and open forests. The equations were used to improve the commonly used biomass models based on large-scale wood-volume inventories carried out in Amazonian forest. The biomass estimates from the SA allometric equation indicate that equations developed in forests on infertile soils in central Amazonia (CA) result in overestimates if applied to trees in the open forests of SA. All aboveground components of 267 trees in open forests of SA were cut and weighed, and the proportion of the biomass stored in the crowns of trees in open forest was found to be higher than in dense forest. In the case of inventoried wood volume, corrections were applied for indentations and hollow trunks and it was determined that no adjustment is needed for the form factor used in the RadamBrasil volume formula. New values are suggested for use in models to convert wood volume to biomass estimates. A biomass map for Brazilian Amazonia was produced from 2702 plots inventoried by the RadamBrasil Project incorporating all corrections for wood density and wood volume and in factors used to add the bole volume of small trees and the crown biomass. Considering all adjustments, the biomass map indicates total biomass of 123.1 Gt (1 Gt = 1 billion tons) dry weight (aboveground + belowground) for originally forested areas in 1976 in the Brazilian Legal Amazon as a whole (102.3 Gt for aboveground only) at the time of the RadamBrasil inventories, which were carried out before intensive deforestation had occurred in the region. Excluded from this estimate are 529,000 km² of forest lacking sufficient RadamBrasil inventory data. After forest losses of 676,000 km² by 2006 – not counting 175,000 km² of this deforested area lacking RadamBrasil data – the estimated dry biomass stock was reduced to 105.4 and 87.6 Gt (aboveground + belowground and only above-ground). Thus, in 2006 the carbon storage in forested areas in Brazilian Amazonia as a whole will be around 51.1 Gt (assuming 1 Mg dry biomass = 0.485 Mg C). Biomass estimates by forest type (aggregated into 12 vegetation classes) are provided for each state in the Brazilian Legal Amazon.     

气温变化对甘肃陇东黄土高原果树开花的影响

利用陇东黄土高原1984~2006年木本植物物候观测资料及种植试验期间的逐日气温资料,依据积温法分析了冬季平均气温、<0℃的负积温对果树开花的影响。结果表明:冬季平均气温与芽开放—开花盛期≥0℃的积温存在着比较显著的线形关系,冬季气温每升高1℃,芽开放—开花盛期所需≥0℃的积温增加6~8℃.d,冬季<0℃的负积温与芽开放—开花盛期所需≥15℃的活动积温呈二次曲线关系。虽然冬季气温升高,使芽开放—开花盛期发育所需的积温增加,但是,春季气温的较大幅度升高,补偿了这个时段发育热量的需要,发育日期非但未推后,而且有所提前,增加了果树春季开花受冻的危险,给林果业生产带来不确定因素。     

阳虚生风论

中医论风证的辨证治疗,向来仅注重火热、阳亢、阴虚、血虚等引起的风证,绝少论及阳虚动风。本文从阳虚生风的理论、病证类型、辨证要点等方面简要论述了阳虚阴盛同样引起动风证,并例举临床病例以详解辨证关键。     

长期不同施肥下太湖地区稻田净温室效应和温室气体排放强度的变化

利用田间观测和模型预测方法对太湖地区一个长期不同施肥处理的稻田生态系统进行了稻季温室气体排放观测和净温室气体排放强度分析。结果表明,不同施肥管理下,稻田土壤有机碳含量不同程度提高,有机无机肥料配施较单施化肥处理显著提高有机碳库储量,并且秸秆处理略高于猪粪处理。与不施肥处理相比,长期施用肥料显著提高了稻田生态系统CH4和CO2的排放量,有机肥料与化肥配施较单纯施用化学肥料下土壤碳（CO2和CH4）排放增加,但化肥配施秸秆与化肥配施猪粪下稻田生态系统CH4和CO2的排放没有显著差异。不同施肥处理下,稻田生态系统净温室效应表现为CFM≈CFS〉CF〉NF,但水稻生产的净温室气体排放强度并没有显著性差异。因此,在提高水稻产量的同时,有机无机配合施肥并没有提高净温室气体的排放强度。     

温针灸联合局部封闭治疗桡骨茎突狭窄性腱鞘炎的临床研究

目的 观察温针灸联合局部封闭治疗桡骨茎突狭窄性腱鞘炎的临床疗效。方法 选取68例桡骨茎突狭窄性腱鞘炎患者随机分成观察组和对照组（每组各34例）,对照组给予单纯局部封闭治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予温针灸治疗,观察两组患者治疗前后视觉模拟评分法（visual analog scale,VAS）、主要症状及体征评分,比较治疗后两组患者临床疗效。结果 治疗后,两组患者VAS评分和主症及体征评分总分均较本组治疗前有所降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）,且观察组评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组总有效率高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 温针灸联合局部封闭治疗桡骨茎突狭窄性腱鞘炎效果显著,且优于单纯局部封闭治疗,值得临床进一步研究推广。     

Mass loss and nutrient dynamics during litter decomposition in response to warming and nitrogen addition in a desert steppe

Plant litter decomposition has been studied extensively in the context of both warming and increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition. However, the temporal patterns of mass loss and nutrient release in response to warming and nitrogen addition remain unclear. A 2-year decomposition experiment aimed to examine the effects of warming and nitrogen addition on decomposition rate, and nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics. The effects of warming and nitrogen addition on decomposition of litter of Stipa breviflora, a dominant species in a desert steppe of northern China, were studied. Warming and nitrogen addition significantly enhanced litter mass loss by 10% and 16%, respectively, and moreover promoted nitrogen and phosphorus release from the litter in the first year of decomposition, followed by an immobilization period. The interactive effects of warming and nitrogen addition on mass loss, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of litter were also found during the decomposition. This study indicates that warming and nitrogen addition increased litter mass loss through altering litter quality. These findings highlight that interactions between climate change and other global change factors could be highly important in driving decomposition responses.     

吉林省不同地区亚洲玉米螟发生世代的变化

为明确吉林省不同地区亚洲玉米螟发生世代的变化,对吉林省东部、中部和西部3个生态区28个县(市)的亚洲玉米螟成虫产卵时期、幼虫发育和化蛹等情况进行了系统调查。结果显示,东部生态区大部分地区亚洲玉米螟只有1个落卵高峰期,未发现第1代幼虫化蛹,仍为1代发生区,而在伊通县和集安市有部分幼虫化蛹,已由1代发生区变为1代为主兼1.5代发生区;中部生态区大部分地区有2个落卵高峰期,未发现第2代幼虫化蛹,已由1.5代发生区变为完全2代发生区,而在双辽市和梨树县出现第3代低龄幼虫,已变为2代为主兼2.5代发生区;西部生态区大部分地区有2个落卵高峰期,未发现第2代幼虫化蛹,仍为2代发生区,而在通榆县出现第3代低龄幼虫,已由2代发生区变为2代为主兼2.5代发生区。表明随着全球气候变暖,吉林省亚洲玉米螟的世代发生数有增加的趋势。