中国主要野生毛皮物种识别检索表

为了更加方便、准确地鉴定毛皮,根据东北林业大学毛皮标本室收藏的标本,编制了毛皮形态学检索表,该表可以准确鉴定食肉目和啮齿目8个科的58个物种的毛皮。本检索表尽量采用可以明显确认的形态特征进行编制,并尽量避免使用在剥皮鞣制过程中容易丢失的特征。表中绝大多数物种的特征均从5张以上的皮张总结而来,主要适用于未经过染色、剪绒、拔针等处理的生皮或鞣制过的皮张。     

布鲁菌外膜蛋白及毒力因子研究进展

布鲁菌细胞膜的基本结构包括脂多糖和外膜蛋白,与细菌的毒力及免疫原性相关。文章描述了布鲁菌外膜蛋白分子结构的最新进展。该菌的外膜蛋白由第一组、第二组和第三组外膜蛋白构成。第一组外膜蛋白对维持布鲁菌外膜蛋白的结构起重要作用;第二组包括36 ku~38 ku外膜蛋白,为膜孔蛋白,由Omp2a和Omp2b基因编码,其中38 ku蛋白基因可能是一个与毒力相关的基因;第三组外膜蛋白包括31 ku和25 ku两个相关的蛋白,具有重要的免疫功能。31 ku蛋白属膜孔蛋白,25 ku蛋白还与毒力有关。文章也介绍了布鲁菌毒力因子研究的最新进展。     

Contribution of mutation I142M in fusion protein and Q44R in matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus to virulence in ducks

Although verogenic Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) generally cause subclinical infection in waterfowls such as ducks, NDVs with high virulence in waterfowl have been sporadically reported. We previously reported that the NDV d5a20b strain, which is obtained by serial passaging of the velogenic 9a5b strain in domestic ducks, showed increased virulence in ducks (Hidaka et al., 2021). The d5a20b strain had 11 amino acid substitutions in its P/V, M, F, HN, and L proteins as compared to 9a5b. In the present study, we generated a series of recombinant (r) NDVs with these amino acid substitutions to identify the molecular basis of virulence of NDV in ducks, and evaluated their influences on virulence and in vitro viral properties. Each of the single amino acid substitutions in either the F protein I142M or the M protein Q44R contributed to the enhancement of intracerebral and intranasal pathogenicity in domestic ducks. The cell-cell fusion activity of the virus with F I142M was five times higher than that of the parental r9a5b. The virus with M Q44R rapidly replicated in duck embryo fibroblasts. Additionally, the rM+F+HN strain, which has the same amino acid sequences as d5a20b in M, F, and HN proteins, showed the highest level of virulence and replication efficiency among the generated recombinant viruses, nearly comparable to rd5a20b. These results suggest that multiple factors are involved in the high growth ability of NDV in duck cells, leading to increased virulence in vivo.     

一株产蜜柚果汁脱苦酶的青霉菌的筛选及初步鉴定

对前期分离获得的柚苷酶产生真菌进行复筛,从29株脱苦酶产生真菌中复筛出了5株脱苦能力较强的真菌,其中实验室编号为3-3-21的菌株对柚皮苷的分解率为70%,对柠碱和诺米林的分解率分别为27%和14%,表明其具有较强的脱除蜜柚果汁苦味的能力。该株菌初步鉴定为常现青霉组(P.frequentans)。     

几种杀菌剂对猕猴桃主要真菌性叶斑病菌的室内毒力测定

猕猴桃假尾孢Psedocercospora actinidiae Deighton和叶点霉菌Phyllosticta sp．是引起猕猴桃生长期的两种主要真菌病害。为了能筛选到对猕猴桃假尾孢和叶点霉菌具有高效抑制作用的杀菌剂,本文采用茵丝生长速率法测定了几种杀菌剂的毒力,结果表明,除腈菌唑外其余几种杀菌剂均可作为猕猴桃主要叶斑病的田间药效试验的首选药剂。     

植原体引起雪花木小叶病在中国的首次报道

2022年首次在广州市发现园林植物雪花木小叶病病株, 采用分子生物学技术对其进行植原体的种类鉴定。以雪花木叶片总DNA为模板, 利用植原体16S rRNA通用引物P1/P7进行PCR扩增, 获得广东雪花木小叶病植原体(BLL-GD2022)16S rRNA基因片段(1 811 bp, GenBank登录号为OQ625536)。16S rRNA序列相似性显示, BLL-GD2022与16SrVI组植原体株系的相似性最高, 为97.05%~99.83%, 其中与隶属于16SrVI-D亚组的10个植原体株系相似性为99.21%~99.83%。系统进化分析显示, BLL-GD2022与16SrVI组各植原体株系聚类在一个大分支, 其中与16SrVI-D亚组成员聚类在一个小分支, 亲缘关系最近。基于16S rRNA序列的iPhyClassifier限制性内切酶虚拟RFLP分析表明, BLL-GD2022与16SrVI-D亚组的参考株系Brinjal little leaf phytoplasma (GenBank登录号为X83431)的酶切图谱一致, 相似系数为1.00。基于上述研究结果, 明确广州市雪花木小叶病植原体隶属16SrVI-D亚组成员。本研究首次在园林植物雪花木上检测到植原体, 通过16S rRNA序列分析明确为16SrVI-D亚组成员, 为开展16SrVI-D亚组植原体在蔬菜、花卉和园林植物的发生监测及病害防控提供科学依据。     

一种改进深度卷积神经网络的海岛识别方法

受不规律潮汐的影响,现有的海岛地物类别自动识别方法存在精度低和时效性差等问题,通过改进深度卷积神经网络提出了一种基于遥感影像的海岛快速识别方法:(1)在深度卷积神经网络的卷积层中增设1×1的卷积核作为瓶颈单元,对多波段的遥感影像进行降维;(2)在池化层引入了重采样方法,基于灰度值对海量的遥感影像进行特征压缩。以300景Landsat-8遥感影像为源数据,分别采用CNN、RCNN和本文改进的深度卷积神经网络对遥感影像中的海岛进行识别,实验结果表明:(1)改进的深度卷积神经网络降低了海岛识别的计算耗时,其计算耗时仅为CNN的4.56%和RCNN的5.60%;(2)改进的深度卷积神经网络较CNN和RCNN提高了海岛识别的精度,识别精度分别为96.0%、93.3%和95.0%。结果说明,改进的深度卷积神经网络适用于面向遥感影像的海岛自动识别。     

A novel glycoside hydrolase 74 xyloglucanase CvGH74A is a virulence factor in Coniella vitis

Grape white rot is a destructive fungal disease occurring worldwide. Recently, Coniella vitis was identified as the predominant pathogen causing this disease in China. As the periderms of grape shoots are severely degraded by C. vitis, it was speculated that cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) might play a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the hydrolytic activity of the CWDEs of C. vitis. The results showed that xylanase (Xy) and xyloglucanase (XEG) had high levels of hydrolytic activity both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a high-virulence fungal strain exhibited higher levels of Xy and XEG activities compared with a low-virulence strain. The genome of the fungus was found to harbor two XEG-coding genes CvGH74A and CvGH74B, which belonged to the glycoside hydrolase (GH)74 family. The expression level of CvGH74A was found to be high during pathogen infection. CvGH74A gene deletion mutants were generated using the split-marker method. The deletion of CvGH74A decreased both the hydrolytic activities of XEG and Xy and also the ability of the fungus to infect the grape leaves. No differences in the hyphal growth, morphology of colonies, or conidiation were found between the ΔCvGH74A mutant strains and the wild-type strain. Together, these results suggested that CvGH74A acted as an important virulence factor, and its enzymatic activity might regulate the virulence of the pathogen. This study was novel in reporting that GH74 XEG acted as a virulence factor in C. vitis.     

桑小头木虱Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein生物学特性研究

近年在海南各植桑区均发现桑小头木虱（Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein）严重为害,桑园被害株率达100%。在我国,该木虱仅记录于台湾省,为我国大陆新入侵害虫。本研究在实验室条件下[(27±1)℃、RH (70±5)%、12L∶12D],采用45日龄桑树扦插苗和离体叶片饲养,对桑小头木虱的发育与繁殖特性及各虫态的形态特征开展观察。结果表明,桑小头木虱生活史包括卵、1~5龄若虫和成虫期。各龄期主要形态特征为：卵呈水滴形,带短的卵柄,端部具细长的端丝,初产时乳白色,待孵化时可见淡红色眼点;1龄若虫头、胸部乳白色,复眼和腹部橘黄色,无翅芽;2~5龄若虫黄绿色,随着龄期增加,体长增加,翅芽随之变化。2龄翅芽出现,稍突起;3龄翅芽较小,呈三角形;4龄和5龄翅芽长椭圆形,其中5龄超过腹部第1节。各龄若虫和初羽化成虫均可分泌白色球形蜡质。雌雄成虫以两性生殖方式繁殖后代,羽化3 d后体色由黄绿色逐渐变为黄褐色并开始交配,交配时间为0.5~3 h,结束交配18~21 h后开始产卵,产卵量为20~42粒。卵单个散产于叶片背面叶脉处,偶尔可见产于新抽嫩叶正面边缘,5~7 d后孵化,孵化率为98.19%,雌性百分率为70.44%。若虫期12~18 d,完成一代的时间为18~24 d。本研究将为桑小头木虱的准确识别与监测,以及防控策略的制定提供前提条件和理论依据。     

白叶枯病菌效应子XopN在拥有OsSWEET11同源基因的水稻品种上发挥毒性作用

【目的】黄单胞菌细胞外泌蛋白质(Xanthomonas outer proteins, Xops)是植物病原黄单胞菌高度保守的毒性效应子或毒性辅助组分,通过细菌Ⅲ型分泌系统分泌到细菌细胞外部,然后转入植物细胞而发挥病理作用。水稻黄单胞菌水稻致病变种即水稻白叶枯病菌的标准菌株PXO99^A分泌的XopN是一种毒性效应子,通过影响寄主免疫反应而使水稻发病。但是,XopN对病菌毒性的影响是否因水稻品种的不同而异,还有待研究。【方法】利用同源双交换技术,先敲除了PXO99^A的XopN基因,获得了∆XopN突变体,又经过遗传互补,得到了回补菌株∆XopN/XopN。通过营养肉汤液体培养,测定了XopN对病菌繁殖能力的影响;根据文献选用14个水稻品种,通过接种实验,测定了PXO99^A对这些品种的毒性与XopN敲除或回补的影响;在XopN发挥毒性作用的水稻品种上,测定了隐性抗病基因OsSWEET11/xa13与显性感病基因OsSWEET11/Xa13受病菌侵染而表达的情况,分析了XopN敲除或回补的影响。【结果】在营养肉汤液体培养过程中,病菌突变体菌株∆XopN的繁殖速度明显低于野生型PXO99^A。PXO99^A、∆XopN和∆XopN/XopN接种水稻后,根据其在水稻叶片组织内的繁殖量及随后产生的白叶枯病症状的严重程度,将供试的14个水稻品种分为两种情况。一是感病程度与病菌XopN是否敲除或回补无关,这有10个水稻品种（IRBB1、IRBB3、IRBB8、IRBB10、IRBB14、IR24、IRBB203、IRBB204、IRBB205和IRBB211）,PXO99^A、∆XopN和∆XopN/XopN对它们的毒性无明显差别。二是XopN对病菌毒性发挥作用的水稻品种,包括高度感病的3个品种（IRBB208、Asominori和日本晴）和低感品种IRBB13。与PXO99^A或∆XopN/XopN相比,∆XopN对这4个水稻品种的毒性大为降低。在IRBB13上,病菌侵染对隐性抗病基因OsSWEET11/xa13在叶片内的表达发生抑制作用,这一效应与XopN的毒性功能相关。相反,日本晴显性感病基因OsSWEET11/Xa13却受病菌侵染的诱导,在叶片内的表达水平大幅度提高。IRBB208和Asominori携带OsSWEET11/Xa13同源基因,该同源基因在叶片内的表达水平也因病菌侵染而大幅提高。在这4个水稻品种上,PXO99^A和∆XopN/XopN能够诱导OsSWEET11/Xa13或其同源基因表达,但∆XopN无此作用。另外,XopN对病菌在非寄主植物烟草上诱发过敏反应有量变贡献,相比PXO99^A或∆XopN/XopN,∆XopN引起过敏反应的程度有所降低。【结论】XopN是一个有限广谱性效应子,在拥有OsSWEET11同源基因的水稻品种上发挥毒性作用。XopN也是病菌繁殖所需要的,对病菌在非寄主植物上诱导过敏反应有一定贡献。