Optimal dietary lipid level for large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) larvae

A 30‐day feeding experiment was conducted in blue tanks (70 × 50 × 60 cm, water volume 180 L) to determine the effects of dietary lipid levels on the survival, growth and body composition of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) larvae (12 days after hatchery, with initial average weight 1.93 ± 0.11 mg). Five practical microdiets, containing 83 g kg^?1 (Diet 1), 126 g kg^?1 (Diet 2), 164 g kg^?1 (Diet 3), 204 g kg^?1 (Diet 4) and 248 g kg^?1 lipid (Diet 5), were formulated. Live feeds (Artemia sinicia nauplii and live copepods) were used as the control diet (Diet 6). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of tanks, and each tank was stocked with 3500 larvae. During the experiment, water temperature was maintained at 23(±1) °C, pH 8.0 (±0.2) and salinity 25 (±2) g L^?1. The results showed that dietary lipid significantly influenced the survival and growth of large yellow croaker larvae. Survival increased with the increase of dietary lipid from 83 to 164 g kg^?1, and then decreased. The survival of larvae fed the diet with 83 g kg^?1 lipid (16.1%) was significantly lower than that of larvae fed other diets. However, the survival in larvae fed the diet with 16.4 g kg^?1 lipid was the highest compared with other artificial microdiets. Specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with increasing dietary lipid level from 83 to 164 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05), and then decreased. The SGR in larvae fed the diet with 164 g kg^?1 lipid (10.0% per day) was comparable with 204 g kg^?1 lipid (9.6% per day), but were significantly higher than other microdiets (P < 0.05). On the basis of survival and SGR, the optimum dietary lipid level was estimated to be 172 and 177 g kg^?1 of diet using second‐order polynomial regression analysis respectively.     

Modeling the water budget in a deep caldera lake and its hydrologic assessment: Lake Ikeda, Japan

The hydrologic assessment of a lake water budget can be helpful in achieving proper water management and sustainable water use. A model to analyze a lake water budget was developed and verified for Lake Ikeda, Japan. Lake evaporation was estimated by numerical analyses of lake water temperature and the lake energy budget. Inflow from the lake catchment area and leakage from the lake bottom were estimated based on the tank model and Darcy's law, and the model parameters were optimized by the shuffled complex evolution method. The estimated monthly lake evaporation rate is consistent with the evaporation rate estimated by the energy budget Bowen ratio method based on in situ data from 2004 to 2005. Moreover, the calculated time series of daily lake levels agrees well with those of measured lake levels during 1983 to 1999. Thus, the model is useful for evaluating the lake water budget. Numerical analysis reveals seasonal and annual variation characteristics in the water budget components. Precipitation, inflow from the catchment area, and river water supply are generally high during the rainy season from June to July with substantial annual variation. Lake evaporation is greatest in October and least in April, but the annual variation is relatively small. Agricultural water use is relatively high from April to September. There are no marked seasonal changes in leakage and drinking water use. The lake level is generally highest in September and lowest in March, which is characterized by seasonal changes in water budget components. The model was also applied to 17-year simulations under hypothetical hydrologic conditions to examine the effect of water use and agricultural water management on the lake level. Results indicate that river water supply, provided under the agricultural water management system, effectively compensates for the decrease in lake water resulting from agricultural water use.     

Integrated management of irrigation water and fertilizers for wheat crop using field experiments and simulation modeling

The reported study aimed at developing an integrated management strategy for irrigation water and fertilizers in case of wheat crop in a sub-tropical sub-humid region. Field experiments were conducted on wheat crop (cultivar Sonalika) during the years 2002–2003, 2003–2004 and 2004–2005. Each experiment included four fertilizer treatments and three irrigation treatments during the wheat growth period. During the experiment, the irrigation treatments considered were I₁ = 10% maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of available soil water (ASW); I₂ = 40% MAD of ASW; I₃ = 60% MAD of ASW. The fertilizer treatments considered in the experiments were F₁ = control treatment with N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 0:0:0 kg ha⁻¹, F₂ = fertilizer application of N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 80:40:40 kg ha⁻¹; F₃ = fertilizer application of N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 120:60:60 kg ha⁻¹ and F₄ = fertilizer application of N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 160:80:80 kg ha⁻¹. In this study CERES-wheat crop growth model of the DSSAT v4.0 was used to simulate the growth, development and yield of wheat crop using soil, daily weather and management inputs, to aid farmers and decision makers in developing strategies for effective management of inputs. The results of the investigation revealed that magnitudes of grain yield, straw yield and maximum LAI of wheat crop were higher in low volume high frequency irrigation (I₁) than the high volume low frequency irrigation (I₃). The grain yield, straw yield and maximum LAI increased with increase in fertilization rate for the wheat crop. The results also revealed that increase in level of fertilization increased water use efficiency (WUE) considerably. However, WUE of the I₂ irrigation schedule was comparatively higher than the I₁ and I₃ irrigation schedules due to higher grain yield per unit use of water. Therefore, irrigation schedule with 40% maximum allowable depletion of available soil water (I₂) could safely be maintained during the non-critical stages to save water without sacrificing the crop yield. Increase in level of fertilization increases the WUE but it will cause environmental problem beyond certain limit. The calibrated CERES-wheat model could predict the grain yield, straw yield and maximum LAI of wheat crop with considerable accuracy and therefore can be recommended for decision-making in similar regions.     

广东省水稻生产机械装备水平灰色预测与分析

利用广东省水稻生产主要环节机械装备保有量的历史数据,建立了灰色GM(1,1)预测模型,对2006-2020年广东省水稻生产机械装备水平进行了预测,并参考广东省水稻生产机械化作业水平值,对其预测结果进行了修正,以便能为政府主管部门制定提高水稻生产机械装备水平的政策措施提供参考依据.     

金华市农业机械化发展水平评价

为促进金华市农业机械化发展,根据现有农业机械化水平评价方法,建立了金华市农业机械化水平评价指标体系,并确定了各指标的权重.在此基础上,利用1996-2006年金华市有关农业机械化统计数据,计算出金华市历年农业机械化水平,同时分析了影响当地农业机械化发展的因素.最后,结合金华市实际,提出了促进金华市农业机械化水平提高的措施与建议.     

汛期横江入流对向家坝一期围堰河段水位的顶托影响

为保证向家坝一期围堰工程汛期安全度汛,时汛期横江入流的向家坝一期河段水位的顶托影响进行了研究.研究时首先采用实测资料对横江洪水的顶托影响进行分析,在此基础上,采用BP神经网络对不同横江来流下向家坝水文站的水位变化进行预测,给出向家坝水文站的水位壅高幅度.结果表明:横江洪水对向家坝河段水位顶托影响主要发生在金沙江洪水过程的涨水段,一期围堰修建后向家坝水文站受横江来水顶托影响主要发生在屏山流量为8 OOO～17 000 m3/s,且横江流量大于1 000m3/s时的范围内,其水位壅高幅度一般在0.44～1.5 m范围内变化.     

铜仁地区城市化进程对策探讨

城市化是区域经济发展的重头戏,是解决农村剩余劳动力的重要渠道。近几年,铜仁地区城市化发展取得一定成绩,第二产业和第三产业比重接近60％,城镇化接近30％,但发展过程仍存在比较多制约因素。加快铜仁城市化进程,应调整产业结构,发展第三产业,重点要突出经济发展和产业聚集这个基础。     

农民工与城镇劳动力就业状况比较研究——基于沈阳市的实证分析

随着城镇化水平的不断提高,农村劳动力供给过剩以及城市劳动力相对短缺导致农民工群体的出现。农民工从外在就业表象来看已融入城市社会生活,为城镇补充了劳动力这一基本的要素,带来经济总量的增长与经济结构的变化。但同时也存在一定的分化,农民工与城镇劳动力存在理论上的就业竞争,城市中存在着双重分割的劳动力市场,使农民工与城镇劳动力从属的劳动力市场存在层次上的差别。对农民工与城市劳动力就业状况进行比较研究,并以沈阳市为例,得出两者就业关系的相关结论。分析表明：沈阳市农民工与城镇劳动力个体特征上存在较大差异,两者在就业途径、工作类型与工作条件上有较大不同;农民工与城镇劳动力处于劳动力就业的两个分层上,城镇劳动力由于文化程度较高、接受培训可能性大,因此,尽管平均年龄较农民工稍高,但其下岗人员可以得到政府相关就业政策的扶持,在劳动力市场就业选择时处于较高层次;而农民工由于文化程度较低、平均年龄较小、接受培训比例较低等个体特征,多依靠亲戚朋友及一技之长寻找工作,所从事的工作类型也多是较低的职业与行业。因此,沈阳市农民工与城镇劳动力的就业关系表现应以互补性为主。当地政府应从创造更为宽松的就业环境、加大政府培训力度、改善农民工就业条件等方面入手,促进沈阳市农民工及城镇劳动力充分就业。     

联合分析法在混合动力汽车产品定位中的应用研究

从消费者购买决策角度出发,利用联合分析法,构建我国市场A级混合动力汽车属性与水平模型,分析消费者购买混合动力汽车时赋予不同属性的相时重要性及属性水平的效用值,并模拟产品组合市场占有率情况,从而为混合动力汽车产品定位提供依据.     

‘云蔗05-51’与‘云蔗081609’苗期氮吸收利用效率的比较研究

甘蔗（Saccharum spp. hybrid）是我国食糖生产的重要原料,当前生产中普遍存在施氮量高而氮肥利用率低的问题。除了优化施肥管理,种植氮高效的甘蔗品种也是减氮增效的重要途径之一。本研究以云南蔗区推广的早熟高产高糖甘蔗品种‘云蔗05-51’和‘云蔗081609’为试验材料,设置0、0.1、0.5、1、5、10 mmol/L 6个供氮水平开展水培试验,在苗期测定植株生物量、根系形态、氮浓度与累积量、氮素吸收利用效率等指标。结果表明：（1）2个品种地上部、根系及整株生物量均随供氮水平的升高呈先升后降趋势,‘云蔗081609’根系生物量先于其地上部达到峰值,‘云蔗05-51’则相反,‘云蔗05-51’和‘云蔗081609’达到最佳生长需要的供氮量分别为0.5、1 mmol/L,相同供氮水平下‘云蔗081609’生物量高于‘云蔗05-51’;（2）随供氮水平上升,2个品种的根系总长度和平均根直径先上升后趋于稳定,根表面积持续增加,比根长先升后降,相同供氮水平下‘云蔗081609’的根系总长度、平均根直径和根表面积高于‘云蔗05-51’,比根长则低于‘云蔗05-51’;（3）2个品种植株氮浓度及累积量随供氮水平的升高总体呈先上升后稳定的趋势,相同供氮水平下‘云蔗081609’的植株氮累积量高于‘云蔗05-51’;（4）随供氮水平的增加,2个品种的单位根长吸氮量呈先升后稳定的趋势,单位根表面积吸氮量则呈先升后降并趋于平稳,氮素生理利用效率均随供氮水平升高显著降低,在0.1~10 mmol/L范围内‘云蔗081609’单位根长的吸氮量高于‘云蔗05-51’,但单位根表面积吸氮量变化趋势基本一致,品种间氮素生理利用效率无差异。综上表明,‘云蔗081609’在苗期对氮的吸收量高于‘云蔗05-51’主要得益于更好的根系生长,苗期适宜需氮量低于‘云蔗05-51’。