Orthogonal optimization of flow uniformity at exit section of elbow-inlet passages

Elbow-inlet passage is widely used in large drainage pumping stations.Flow uniformity at the exit section directly determines its hydraulic performance.Flow uniformity must be optimized to improve the operational efficiency of the large axial-flow pumping station.Modeling and numerical simulation methods were used to investigate the elbow-inlet passage,and the accuracy of the calculation results was verified.The key geometric parameters affecting the uniformity of the flow were optimized by the orthogonal experiment design.The optimal schemes were obtained and compared with the original scheme.The results show that flow uniformity V u after optimization is 95.41%,which is increased by 1.04%.The pumping station efficiency is increased by 1.89%,thereby confirming the applicability and accuracy of the proposed scheme,especially for the optimization of flow uniformity of the exit section of the elbow-inlet passage.     

秸秆覆盖畦田灌溉水流特性及灌水质量分析

在陕西杨凌张家岗村覆盖玉米秸秆的冬小麦地进行了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌溉均匀度影响的田间试验,并SRFR406软件对秸秆覆盖畦灌的水流推进进行了数学模拟.结果表明,给出的地面灌溉模型及软件可较好的模拟秸秆覆盖畦田水流运动.畦田规格与技术要素的选择对灌水效率及灌水均匀度均有影响.在覆盖秸秆畦田以畦长小于50 m,畦宽2～3 m,单宽流量以6～8 L/(m·s),坡度以3‰～5‰为宜.为提高秸秆覆盖灌水效率,应加强耕作管理,消除反坡.     

移动式温室风幕静电施药平台设计及试验

针对传统温室人工施药时,药量分配不均匀、农药大量浪费的现象,探索温室施药的新方式,以提高农药利用率和作业效率。根据温室作业环境,研制一种适应于温室的风幕式静电施药机具,确定整机结构方案及关键部件技术参数。以出口风速为试验变量参数,以覆盖率、沉积量、覆盖率均匀度和沉积量均匀度为评价指标,分析了出口风速参数对施药效果的影响。综合流体力学和机械设计知识,计算确定出风口间距0.5 m,出风口半径0.012 5 m,风机功率3 k W。实现了风送、喷雾量和喷雾高度可调,出口风速0-35 m/s可调,喷头流量0.2-1.0 L/min可调,喷雾高度1.15-1.95 m可调。试验结果表明,出口风速为25 m/s时,相对于其他风速,沉积量和覆盖率达到较好的值,均匀度分别稳定在85%和75%。与传统人工施药相比,风幕式静电施药的雾滴穿透性高,分散程度高,可避免重复施药和减少农药施用量。同时,合理的气流参数会进一步提高机具施药效果。     

喷灌条件下土壤水分分布的数值模拟研究

现有试验研究结果表明,喷灌水量在土壤中的分布比其在地面的分布要均匀得多。通过建立三维土壤水分运动数学模型来模拟喷灌条件下土壤水分运动情况,并用经济解法对方程进行求解。使用编制的程序进行实例计算的结果表明,喷灌水量在土壤中的分布要比在地表的分布均匀得多。喷灌水量在土壤中分布的均匀性与初始的土壤水分分布均匀性有较大的关系。     

辽宁春小麦产量结构及增产途径的研究

通过3年小区试验和69块生产田调查,分析了辽宁春小麦产量结构特点和增产途径。产量结构是小麦栽培的中心环节,低、中产田往往由于产量结构不合理,导致产量不高不稳。产量因素间存在明显数量关系,培肥地力,提高田间整齐度,能有效地改善穗粒性状。鉴于辽宁小麦生育期短,分蘖穗小特点,建立高产结构应以主茎成穗为主,增苗抓穗,进而协调产量因素间的关系。     

中置螺旋分土开沟装置的设计与试验

针对1GQ-1.6型中置铧式犁起垄机在高稻茬黏重土壤环境中作业壅泥缠草、沟边土壤堆积、厢面土块不细碎等问题,将原有中置铧式犁设置成双翼开沟犁,并在中置双翼开沟犁后部旋耕刀轴上左右对称设置分土螺旋,以最大土壤推送量为目标,设计了分土螺旋的螺旋叶片直径、螺距及螺旋升角;基于农艺要求的沟型,设计了双翼开沟犁犁体高度、宽度,研制出由机架、双翼开沟犁、可调深度机构、中间变速箱、分土螺旋和旋耕刀辊组成的螺旋分土开沟装置。室内土槽试验结果表明,中置螺旋分土装置工作性能的各项评价指标均符合国家标准和农艺要求,其中沟深稳定性系数和厢面平整度系数分别达到94.67%、97.53%。     

杂交稻低播量精准条播育秧机插提高群体均匀度和产量的效应分析

[目的]明确杂交稻低播种量下精准条播(precision drill sowing,PS)育秧提高机插群体均匀度和产量的效应,创建杂交稻毯苗稀播少本机插理论与技术.[方法]选用籼粳杂交稻甬优1540为供试品种,在余杭区崇化村和富阳区中国水稻研究所试验基地开展试验.以传统撒播(broadcast sowing,BS)育秧...     

《中国兽药典》含量均匀度检查方法的探讨

[摘 要] 本文将《中国兽药典》含量均匀度检查方法与三国药典的检查方法进行比较分析,反映出《中国兽药典》检查方法的问题所在,供药典制订者及检测人员参考借鉴。     

Effect of Initial Full Feeding of Broiler Breeder Pullets on Carcass Development and Body Weight Variation

Broiler breeder pullets are fully fed for several weeks to give chicks a vigorous start, to establish an adequate frame size, and to build increased flock BW uniformity. This study was designed to determine whether reducing the length of the initial ad libitum feeding period of pullets would be detrimental to subsequent fleshing, skeletal development, and BW variation. A total of 720 Ross 308 pullets were placed in 8 pens on the day of hatch and provided ad libitum access to feed at 1 wk (1WK) or 3 wk (3WK) of age, at which time a 5:2 restriction program began. Individual BW and external fleshing scores, and flock BW variation (CV and uniformity) were monitored. At 4, 8, 12, and 16 wk, 60 randomly selected birds per treatment were dissected for assessment of breast muscle, fatness, and reproductive development. At 3 wk of age, BW of the 3WK pullets (471 g) was greater than that of the 1WK pullets (312 g), and the daily rate of gain was double. Although feed allocation was decreased markedly at 3 wk in 3WK birds, by 4 wk they weighed 30% more, and had a greater frame size and proportion of breast muscle than the 1WK birds. At 8 wk of age, the 3WK birds were still heavier (973 g for 3WK vs. 899 g for 1WK). Most carcass measures were similar between treatments at 12 wk of age, by which time BW profiles were similar. At 16 wk of age, frame size and proportion of breast muscle were not different between groups. The BW variation did not differ through the initial 12 wk, but was superior at 14 and 16 wk of age in 1WK birds, possibly because of greater feed allocation between 8 to 16 wk, which is the most intense feed restriction period. The reduced feed intake of 3WK birds at the onset of feed restriction reduced their ME requirement for maintenance, likely contributing to this result. Increasing the length of the ad libitum feed access period after hatch altered growth and conformation traits to 8 wk of age and did not affect frame size or proportion of breast muscle, but increased BW variability late in the rearing period.     

山区土地利用多功能时空分异特征及影响因素分析

射频加热作为一种新型的热加工技术,在果蔬烫漂工艺中应用潜力巨大。介电特性是影响果蔬射频加热的主要因素,其大小受到电磁场频率、温度以及水等因素的影响,依据介电特性变化可以对果蔬烫漂工艺进行优化改进。该文选用富士和秦冠2个苹果品种,采用末端开路同轴探头技术测定了不同温度(20、40、60、80、95 ℃),不同频率（12～3 000 MHz）下,苹果的介电特性的变化规律。采用6 kW、27.12 MHz的射频加热系统在不同极板间距（110、120、130 mm）下,对苹果块进行加热处理,通过荧光光纤测温探头监测样品的中心温度,得到3种不同极板间距下苹果块中心温度从25升至95 ℃的升温曲线和升温速率。用红外热像仪测定加热前后苹果块表面的温度分布,研究了苹果块射频加热均匀性。结果表明：苹果果肉的介电常数和损耗因子在12～3 000 MHz之间随着频率的增大先降低,后增大,再降低;温度对苹果果肉的介电常数和损耗因子的影响没有特定的规律;射频加热苹果块时,极板间距110 mm时升温最快,130 mm时升温最慢,各需要120和150 s。且苹果块中心温度随时间近似线性增长,射频加热过程中,苹果块表面温度分布表现出中心加热现象,即中心温度高,边缘温度低。