三疣梭子蟹养殖塘表层底泥异养细菌群落比较研究

采用菌落菌体形态观察和16SrDNA序列比对的方法,对三疣梭子蟹养殖健康塘和病害塘表层底泥中的异养细菌进行了比较研究。分离得到的255株细菌可分为13个菌落类群,33个菌体亚群。对占异养细菌总数34.5%的两个优势亚群(A-NS-SpR亚群,不产芽孢的球杆状菌;B-SF-SR亚群,产芽孢的短杆状菌)的16SrDNA序列分析结果表明,A-NS-SpR亚群属于变形菌门中的2个纲3个科8个属约12个种,其中Halomonas ventosae和Donghicola eburneus两个种数量最多,占该亚群菌株的59.1%。B-SF-SR亚群属于厚壁菌门芽孢菌纲的3个科4个属约12个种,其中Bacillus decolorationis和Halobacillus trueperi两个种数量最多,占该亚群菌株总数的60.6%。从属的水平上讲,Bacillus和Halomonas是优势属。A-NS-SpR亚群在健康塘中的丰度(菌株数量)明显高于病害塘,但多样性(种属数量)差别较小,其中Rhodobacteraceae科在两个塘中的数量差别最大。与此相反,B-SF-SR亚群在健康塘和病害塘中的丰度相当,但健康塘的多样性明显...     

2009年春夏季浙江中北部近岸海域浮游植物群落特征

分析了2009年春季(4月)和夏季(8月)在浙江中北部海域(121°30′~123°30′E、28°30′~30°45′N)进行调查所采集的浮游植物样品,对调查海域浮游植物群落的物种组成、细胞丰度的平面分布、优势种分布和群落的多样性指数等群落特征进行分析研究。初步鉴定浮游植物6门62属169种,硅藻占绝对优势。春季主要优势种为中肋骨条藻、蛇目圆筛藻、星脐圆筛藻和辐射圆筛藻。夏季主要优势种为尖刺拟菱形藻、窄隙角毛藻、中肋骨条藻和远距角毛藻。不同季节优势种既有交叉又有演替;春季浮游植物细胞丰度介于0.01×104~40.67×104cells/m3之间,平均为3.80×104cells/m3;夏季介于0.28×104~6 546.22×104cells/m3之间,平均为467.59×104cells/m3。细胞数量季节变化显著,浮游植物平面分布特征呈明显的斑块状分布,优势种明显。春季的香农-维纳指数和Pielou均匀度指数都好于夏季,而细胞丰度却低于夏季。     

Threadfin shad impacts phytoplankton and zooplankton community structures in channel catfish ponds

Plankton community structure and chlorophyll a concentration were compared in twelve 0.1 ha earthen ponds co‐stocked with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, 1818) in a multiple‐batch culture (initial biomass=5458 kg ha^?1) and a planktivore, threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense Güther, 1867; initial biomass=449 kg ha^?1), during the April–November growing season. We used a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to test the planktivore level (presence or absence of threadfin shad) and channel catfish feeding frequency (daily or every third day). Channel catfish were fed a 32% protein feed to apparent satiation on days fed. The presence of threadfin shad affected phytoplankton and zooplankton community structure more than did feeding frequency, and the impact in ponds was more pronounced after 1 July. The numbers of all major groups of zooplankton were lower in ponds with threadfin shad, but were unaffected by the feeding frequency. Chlorophyll a concentration before 1 July was higher in ponds with threadfin shad and unaffected by the feeding frequency, whereas after 1 July it was higher in ponds without threadfin shad and that were fed daily. Phytoplankton community structure after 1 July was dominated by nuisance algal bloom genera of cyanobacteria in ponds without threadfin shad and by Bacillariophyceae in ponds with threadfin shad.     

Effect of disinfection with peracetic acid on the microbial community of a seawater aquaculture recirculation system for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

When tropical shrimps are kept in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), one of the limiting factors is the maintenance of a sufficient water quality, and therefore, often disinfectants like peracetic acid (PAA) are added to the water either as prophylactic or treatment measure. In this study, PAA in concentrations of 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L was applied continuously for 56 days to small-scale seawater RAS stocked with Litopenaeus vannamei. Treatment with 0.1 mg/L did not result in a reduction in the total bacterial amount and therefore was not effective. A concentration of 10 mg/L led to significant changes in the chemical water parameters already after 2 days and was therefore not recommendable. A concentration of 1 mg/L led to increased levels of ammonia and nitrite within 2 days and to a significant increase in the bacterial amount in the water, most probably due to an enhanced growth of heterotrophic bacteria. The microflora showed significant fluctuations, and there were indications that the welfare of the shrimps was affected. Using 1 mg PAA/L for prophylactic use is therefore also not recommendable but might be an alternative option for short-term treatment in cases of disease outbreaks.     

马鞍列岛及其东部海域鱼类群落格局与环境因子之间的关系

为探究岛礁海域渔业资源群落格局,于2016年8月、12月及2017年2月和5月对马鞍列岛及其东部海域进行了渔业资源季度调查。利用聚类分析、非度量多维标度(nMDS)和生物环境相关分析(BIOENV)等方法,对该海域的鱼类群落组成、时空动态及其与环境因子的相关性进行了研究。共采集鱼类96种,隶属于12目47科77属,其中鲈形目占比最大,其生物量和丰度占比均超过50%。龙头鱼为全年优势种,春季优势种包括刺鲳、黑鳃梅童鱼和宽体舌鳎;夏季优势种为小黄鱼、带鱼和六丝矛尾虾虎鱼;秋季和冬季优势种相同,为棘头梅童鱼和凤鲚。聚类分析和nMDS结果显示,马鞍列岛及其东部海域鱼类群落可分为站位组I (岛礁周围站点为主)、站位组II (邻近岛礁站点为主)和站位组III (远离岛礁站点为主)。除春季站位组I与站位组III、站位组II与站位组III外,鱼类群落种类组成在各季节不同站位组之间皆存在显著差异。BIOENV分析显示,在底层水温、底层盐度和水深3个因素中,底层水温对鱼类群落影响最大。     

不同密度生态基系统内细菌群落组成与草鱼生长的关系

为了研究生态基系统中细菌群落组成与草鱼生长的关系,实验按生态基表面积占养殖水体表面积的比值50%、100%、150% (S-50、S-100、S-150),设置3个不同密度的生态基养殖系统。首先测量处理组和对照组的草鱼生长性状,进而利用高通量测序技术分析水体中和生态基上的细菌群落组成,探索生态基系统内细菌群落与草鱼生长的关系。结果显示,S-100和 S-150组的草鱼增重率与特定生长率均显著高于S-50和对照组;S-100组的存活率显著高于其他组;S-100和S-150组的饲料转换率均显著低于对照组。细菌群落分析发现：①与水体相比,生态基上γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)比例增加,且该菌在S-100组中显著高于其他组;②水体中细菌主要以黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、红细菌属(Rhodobacte)、鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)和浮霉状菌属(Planctomyces)为主,生态基上不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium)占较高比例,并且后3种细菌在S-100组中比例显著高于其他组;③在可鉴定的种水平上,生态基上的细菌主要以产碱假单胞菌(P. alcaligene)和蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereu)为主,其中产碱假单胞菌在S-100和S-150组最高。综合草鱼生长性状、细菌群落组成及生态基生产成本分析发现,生态基比表面积为100%时效果最佳,即细菌多样性和潜在益生菌比例高,饵料系数最低,草鱼的存活率和增重率最高。     

Changes to freshwater mussel assemblages after 25 years of impoundment and river habitat fragmentation

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Realizing the potential of trait‐based approaches to advance fisheries science

Analysing how fish populations and their ecological communities respond to perturbations such as fishing and environmental variation is crucial to fisheries science. Researchers often predict fish population dynamics using species‐level life‐history parameters that are treated as fixed over time, while ignoring the impact of intraspecific variation on ecosystem dynamics. However, there is increasing recognition of the need to include processes operating at ecosystem levels (changes in drivers of productivity) while also accounting for variation over space, time and among individuals. To address similar challenges, community ecologists studying plants, insects and other taxa increasingly measure phenotypic characteristics of individual animals that affect fitness or ecological function (termed “functional traits”). Here, we review the history of trait‐based methods in fish and other taxa, and argue that fisheries science could see benefits by integrating trait‐based approaches within existing fisheries analyses. We argue that measuring and modelling functional traits can improve estimates of population and community dynamics, and rapidly detect responses to fishing and environmental drivers. We support this claim using three concrete examples: how trait‐based approaches could account for time‐varying parameters in population models; improve fisheries management and harvest control rules; and inform size‐based models of marine communities. We then present a step‐by‐step primer for how trait‐based methods could be adapted to complement existing models and analyses in fisheries science. Finally, we call for the creation and expansion of publicly available trait databases to facilitate adapting trait‐based methods in fisheries science, to complement existing public databases of life‐history parameters for marine organisms.     

含油污泥的堆肥处理对微生物群落结构的影响

采用堆肥方法处理含油污泥,评价堆肥处理对含油污泥中石油烃的去除效果,并采用Biolog方法和构建16SrRNA基因克隆文库的方法对处理过程中微生物碳源利用特征和微生物群落结构进行了研究。结果表明,含油污泥经过90d的堆肥处理,石油烃降解率达53.3%±9.5%,显著高于对照处理。堆肥处理可以显著促进石油烃降解,是一种处理含油污泥的有效措施。Biolog分析结果表明,堆肥处理的孔的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)显著高于对照处理,堆肥处理提高了土壤微生物代谢活性。主成分分析结果表明,对照处理和堆肥处理的微生物碳源利用特征明显不同,堆肥处理改变了含油污泥中微生物的代谢功能特征。对照处理和堆肥处理的16SrRNA基因克隆文库之间存在显著差异,对照处理的优势类群是γ-Proteobacteria,堆肥处理的优势类群是Bacteroidetes,堆肥处理显著改变了含油污泥中的微生物群落结构。Marinobacter和Alcanivorax是对照处理中的优势菌,可能与石油烃的自然降解过程有关,而Pusillimonas和Agrobacterium可能对堆肥处理中石油烃的降解起一定作用。     

不同农业措施对草莓连作土壤微生物群落特征的影响

[目的]探讨不同农业措施对草莓连作土壤微生物区系、活性、功能多样性及酶活性的影响。[方法]通过田间小区试验,利用土壤酶学方法、微生物培养方法和Biolog微生物自动分析系统,分析了土壤微生物群落特征。[结果]与不施肥相比,莓-稻水旱轮作、米糠＋日晒和石灰氮均显著提高草莓连作土壤细菌所占比例、细菌/真菌、土壤微生物总数、AWCD、土壤脱氢酶活性、Shannon指数、Simp-son指数和Mcintosh指数;莓-稻水旱轮作和米糠＋日晒还能提高土壤脲酶活性。与习惯施肥相比,莓-稻水旱轮作、米糠＋日晒可显著提高草莓连作土壤AWCD、Mcintosh指数,莓-稻水旱轮作和米糠＋日晒分别显著提高土壤脲酶和脱氢酶的活性。主成分分析表明,莓-稻水旱轮作、米糠＋日晒和石灰氮条件下草莓连作土壤微生物群落碳源利用特征与习惯施肥及不施肥显著不同。[结论]莓-稻水旱轮作和米糠＋日晒是控制草莓连作土壤生物退化的有效农业措施。