适用于散叶烘烤的无缝悬挂烟夹研制与应用

[目的]研制与应用适用于散叶烘烤的无缝悬挂烟夹。[方法]通过烘烤试验对无缝悬挂烟夹进行验证。[结果]与传统挂竿相比,烟夹单炕用于夹烟、装烟、卸烟、解烟的用工比挂竿减少3.00个;单炕技改成本增加10 300.00元;单夹装烟量增加1倍,单炕装烟量提高34%;干烟耗煤量减少0.31 kg/kg,干烟耗电量减少0.14(k W·h)/kg,能耗成本减少0.22元/kg;烤后烟叶上等烟比例、黄烟比例、均价分别提高了4.74%、0.58%和1.08元/kg;烤后烟叶淀粉降低1.92%,化学成分协调性较好。[结论]该装置改善了烟叶烘烤质量,可实现烘烤环节中减工降本增效。     

3种农药树干注射法防治荔枝蝽象在荔枝树叶中的残留分布

[目的]探讨吡虫啉、杀虫双和敌百虫3种农药树干注射法防治荔枝蝽象的可行性。[方法]采用树干注射法进行施药,研究吡虫啉、杀虫双、敌百虫3种药剂防治荔枝蝽象在荔枝树叶中的残留分布。[结果]吡虫啉和敌百虫能快速分布到树干中,杀虫双则缓慢在树干中分布;农药持续时间长,敌百虫残留时间最长,9 d后残留量仍高达0.312 mg/kg,吡虫啉次之,9 d只有0.015 mg/kg,杀虫双最差。[结论]该法防治药效长,污染小,几乎不杀伤天敌,不受天气影响,可在生产中推广应用。     

等氮配施有机肥对喀斯特峰丛洼地农田作物产量与养分平衡的影响

基于自2006年在广西喀斯特峰丛洼地区开展的长期玉米/大豆套作定位施肥试验,选择2010—2014年监测数据,探讨等氮量投入条件下,不同比例有机肥替代无机氮肥对喀斯特峰丛洼地玉米/大豆套作系统作物产量及土壤养分的影响,为喀斯特峰丛洼地农田作物高效施肥及提高土壤肥力提供理论依据。试验选取4个处理:对照(不施肥,CK)、平衡施用化肥(NPK)、有机粪肥替代30%化肥氮(C7M3,按氮素计算,不足30%的PK用无机肥补充,肥料总量与NPK处理相同,有机粪肥为牛粪,下同)、有机粪肥替代60%化肥氮(C4M6,按氮素计算,不足60%的PK用无机肥补充),每个处理4次重复。于2010年、2012年、2014年大豆收获后采集土壤样品,测定土壤养分状况。结果表明:1)施肥处理土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷及速效钾含量均高于CK处理,其中C4M6处理有机质含量显著高于NPK处理(P0.05),全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随着有机粪肥施用量的增加而增加。2)长期不同施肥处理玉米和大豆产量分别是不施肥处理的4.15~4.36倍、2.47~2.58倍。不同施肥处理的增产效果为C4M6NPKC7M3,但施肥处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。3)长期不施肥CK处理玉米产量随着试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅为5.45 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),大豆产量却表现出增加趋势,增幅为1.50 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。长期施肥处理中,玉米和大豆产量总体呈增加趋势。4)施肥处理中,玉米季表现为钾素亏缺(NPK处理除外),大豆季表现为氮素亏缺。综合两季作物,只有C4M6钾素表现亏缺,亏缺量为7.9 kg·hm~(-2)。磷素在各施肥处理中盈余量较大,分别为81.2 kg·hm~(-2)(NPK)、83.4 kg·hm~(-2)(C7M3)和74.8 kg·hm~(-2)(C4M6)。综上,在喀斯特峰丛洼地玉米/大豆套作制度下,基于作物产量及土壤养分表观平衡特征提出有机粪肥可以代替部分化肥施用,在玉米季适当"减氮、稳磷和增钾",大豆季"稳氮、减磷和减钾"的施肥措施。     

氮、钾肥用量对膜下滴灌加工番茄产量和品质的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究不同氮、钾肥用量对加工番茄产量、品质的影响。试验设N 0、210、300、390kg/hm~24个水平,K_2O 0、135、225、315 kg/hm~24个水平,于成熟期测定各项品质指标、产量构成并分析增产效应。结果表明,氮肥、钾肥对加工番茄均有显著增产作用,但钾肥的增产作用强度不如氮肥显著。氮、钾肥增产率范围分别为32.8%~51.4%,13.3%~23.0%。N、K肥均通过增加加工番茄单果重增加产量。施氮量390kg/hm2处理番茄红素、可溶性固形物较300 kg/hm~2处理显著降低10.85%和14.77%,较210 kg/hm~2低氮处理糖酸比显著下降36.04%。随施钾量的增加,番茄红素持续增加,315 kg/hm~2处理最大,为14.97 mg/100 g。增施钾肥可溶性固形物含量可以提高8.81%~13.73%,糖酸比提高3.98%~30.68%。增施钾有利于降低脐腐病发生率,提高氮肥用量可使脐腐病发生率显著增加。分别对施氮肥量、施钾肥量和产量的关系用一元二次方程拟合,得到最高产量氮肥施用量为265.5 kg/hm~2,最高产量钾肥施用量为268.5 kg/hm2。确定合理的氮肥和钾肥的施肥量范围分别为254.1~265.5和225~230.2 kg/hm~2。     

纳米抗菌包装对胚芽米储藏过程中陈化的抑制作用

【目的】胚芽米的营养价值相当丰富,具有广阔的市场前景,但其极易变质且不易储藏的现状是影响其推广的一大问题。探索胚芽米陈化过程中的成分变化及劣变情况,开发一种符合市场需求的、能够延缓胚芽米陈化的新型纳米抗菌包装材料。【方法】以五优稻4号胚芽米为试材,以普通聚乙烯包装材料为对照,分别制备两种不同的纳米抗菌包装材料,在常温环境下(25℃、65%湿度)储藏胚芽米28 d。每7 d取样一次,分别检测包装材料内部气体组成及胚芽米储存过程中菌落总数、脂肪酶活力、脂肪酸总量、淀粉糊化特性等指标;在初期和末期检测脂肪酸组成,胚芽米胚乳切面微观结构,以及纳米包装薄膜本身的抗菌性。比较抗菌性纳米包装材料对延缓胚芽米陈化的作用。【结果】包装袋内部气体组成检测数据表明,纳米包装材料改变了包装袋内部气体组成,降低了O2/CO2的比值,低氧环境也抑制了胚芽米的呼吸作用。抑菌性试验数据显示,两种纳米抗菌包装材料的抑菌性能较好,对大肠埃希氏菌与大米霉菌的抗菌率分别达99%与95%以上。普通包装下的胚芽米常温贮藏第28天菌落数即达41×10~4 cfu/g,而同期两种纳米包装下的胚芽米霉菌数仅分别为17×10~4 cfu/g与18×10~4 cfu/g(P0.05);抗菌包装中的胚芽米脂肪酶活性值较低,减少了游离脂肪酸的产生;胚芽米的脂肪酸组成适宜人体,较为合理,其初始不饱和比例为71.22%,贮藏28 d后普通包装下的胚芽米脂肪酸不饱和度为65.95%,而两种抗菌包装分别下降至69.10%与67.41%,变化幅度较小;抗菌包装中的胚芽米淀粉糊化特征值变化小,即口感劣变较慢;从胚乳切面微观结构上看,纳米抗菌包装材料在一定程度上具有延缓胚芽米陈化的作用,其内部淀粉质体裂解程度较低。【结论】常温环境下胚芽米陈化较快,霉菌繁殖、脂肪分解及结构等变化反应了胚芽米的陈化过程。纳米抗菌包装材料抑制了霉菌生长并能调节包装材料内部气体组成,达到降低胚芽米劣变速度与延缓陈化的作用。     

The effects of l‐DOPA and sulpiride on growth hormone secretion at different injection times in Holstein steers

The effects of l ‐DOPA, a precursor of dopamine (DA), and sulpiride, a D₂‐type DA receptor blocker, on growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion were investigated in steers. Eight Holstein steers (212.8 ± 7.8 kg body weight) were used. Lighting conditions were 12:12 L:D (lights on: 06.00–18.00 hours). Blood samplings were performed during the daytime (11.00–15.00 hours) and nighttime (23.00–03.00 hours). Intravenous injections of drugs or saline were performed at 12.00 hour for the daytime and 00.00 hour for the nighttime, respectively. Plasma GH and PRL concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. l ‐DOPA did not alter the GH secretion when it was injected at 12.00 hour (spontaneous GH level at its peak). On the other hand, l ‐DOPA increased GH secretion at 00.00 hour (GH level at its trough). Injection of sulpiride suppressed GH secretion at 12.00 hour but did not affect GH levels at 00.00 hour. l ‐DOPA inhibited and sulpiride stimulated PRL release during both periods. These results suggest that dopaminergic neurons have stimulatory action on GH secretion and inhibitory action on PRL secretion in cattle. In addition, injection time should be considered to evaluate the exact effects on GH secretion due to its ultradian rhythm of GH secretion in cattle.     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法与酶法检测UHT灭菌乳中乳果糖含量的对比研究

采用液相色谱法分离、蒸发光散射检测器检测,外标法定量测定超高温瞬时灭菌乳中乳果糖的含量。采用盐酸沉淀蛋白,氨基色谱柱分离,流动相为75％乙腈溶液。该方法能使乳果糖得到很好分离,精密度为0.77％(n=6),平均回收率为98.7％～102.6％。高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法较酶法操作简便、省时、重复性好,可以根据实验需求选择使用。     

响应面法优化高效液相色谱-柱前衍生化检测发酵乳制品中的组胺

采用高效液相色谱-柱前衍生化方法,对市售发酵乳制品(天然干酪、再制干酪和发酵乳等)中的组胺含量进行检测。对影响测定结果的衍生试剂(丹磺酰氯)用量、反应pH值、衍生反应时间和衍生反应温度4 个因素进行单因素试验和响应面优化多因素交互作用分析。结果表明:优化所得衍生化条件操作简便、高效、测定准确度和精密度均较高,能够满足精确测定乳制品中组胺含量的要求。     

Conservation priorities for the different lines of Dutch Red and White Friesian cattle change when relationships with other breeds are taken into account

From a genetic point of view, the selection of breeds and animals within breeds for conservation in a national gene pool can be based on a maximum diversity strategy. This implies that priority is given to conservation of breeds and animals that diverge most and overlap of conserved diversity is minimized. This study investigated the genetic diversity in the Dutch Red and White Friesian (DFR) cattle breed and its contribution to the total genetic diversity in the pool of the Dutch dairy breeds. All Dutch cattle breeds are clearly distinct, except for Dutch Friesian breed (DF) and DFR and have their own specific genetic identity. DFR has a small but unique contribution to the total genetic diversity of Dutch cattle breeds and is closely related to the Dutch Friesian breed. Seven different lines are distinguished within the DFR breed and all contribute to the diversity of the DFR breed. Two lines show the largest contributions to the genetic diversity in DFR. One of these lines comprises unique diversity both within the breed and across all cattle breeds. The other line comprises unique diversity for the DFR but overlaps with the Holstein Friesian breed. There seems to be no necessity to conserve the other five lines separately, because their level of differentiation is very low. This study illustrates that, when taking conservation decisions for a breed, it is worthwhile to take into account the population structure of the breed itself and the relationships with other breeds.     

Decline‐associated Phaeoacremonium species occurring on forest trees in the north of Iran

Between 2013 and 2015, several surveys were conducted throughout forest areas in the north of Iran with the aim of isolating and identifying fungi present on trees showing decline symptoms. Fungal species, isolated from symptomatic wood tissues of various tree genera, including Zelkova, Acer, Parrotia, Quercus, Diospyros, Fagus, Fraxinus, Populus, Pinus, Pterocarya, Gleditsia, Carpinus, Ulmus, Crataegus, Alnus, Mespilus, Punica, Cydonia, Cupressus and Prunus, were morphologically identified and characterized. A molecular identification based on comparisons of DNA sequences of the β‐tubulin gene allowed us to identify seven species belonging to Phaeoacremonium; namely, Phaeoacremonium parasiticum, Pm. alvesii, Pm. minimum, Pm. iranianum, Pm. scolyti, Pm. fraxinopennsylvanicum and Pm. croatiense were isolated and identified. Phaeoacremonium minimum was the most common species and isolated from Gleditsia caspica, Parrotia persica, Cydonia oblonga and Alnus glutinosa. Pathogenicity on selected plants using a mycelium plug inoculation method revealed that most of these species are pathogenic to all the tested trees, with Pm. parasiticum and Pm. minimum being the most pathogenic species. According to host plant species and geographical distribution, the majority of Phaeoacremonium species found represent new records. This is also the first report of Pm. croatiense in Iran and outside Croatia.