Hydrus-1D模型在田间水循环规律分析中的应用及改进

为分析农田水分运移规律,以华北平原位山引黄灌区典型田间为研究对象,应用Hydrus-1D模型连续模拟了 2006－2009年的田间水分运移过程。对模型中表面阻抗的计算方法进行了改进,从而改善了蒸散发的模拟结果,与涡度相关系统的实测蒸散发数据对比表明了改进的合理性。对蒸散发的分析表明,对于种植季节性作物的农田,叶面积指数（leaf area index,LAI）是影响蒸散发季节变化过程的重要因素,而气象条件主要决定其在较短时间尺度（如一周）内的波动。与时域反射仪（time domain reflectometry,TDR）实测土壤含水率的对比表明,模型对土壤含水率的模拟精度较高。水量平衡分析结果表明,降雨和灌溉的80%由蒸散发消耗,在汛期农田通过排水发生田间渗漏损失。     

Suitability of plant physiological methods to estimate the transpiration of agricultural crops

Transpiration is the main part of the water balance in the system soil-plant during the vegetation period. Its determination or calculation is essential for modeling of soil moisture content or solute transport. Transpiration is difficult to quantify because it is influenced by the atmosphere, the soil, and the plants. This paper describes the potential and limitations of plant physiological methods (sap flow, gas exchange, leaf water potential) to estimate the transpiration. A weighable lysimeter was used as reference method. Results are shown for corn [Zea mays L.] and rape [Brassica napus L.]) for the years 1998 and 1999. At days without rain the diurnal transpiration rates, determined by the plant physiological methods and by the lysimeter differ by less than 12%. The results demonstrate that the plant physiological methods applied are important for an understanding of the complex transpiration process. Limitations lie in the difficulties in up-scaling, and the impossibility of measurements of the absolute actual transpiration rates of agricultural crops for longer periods like months or years.     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

光温条件和土壤湿度对栓皮栎幼苗蒸腾潜热和叶温的影响

研究光温条件和土壤湿度对栓皮栎幼苗叶片蒸腾的影响程度,以及太阳辐射、蒸腾和对流换热对叶温形成的贡献.用盆栽遮雨和称量法,控制土壤干旱胁迫水平(体积含水量)为轻度(12.5％ ～ 14.5％)、中度(9.5％～11.5％)和重度(5.5％～7.5％),并分别在自然和人工气候箱(温度控制在25 ～ 43℃)的环境下测定蒸腾速率和气象因子;用热量分析方法,定量确定各因子对叶温差的贡献.结果表明:1)轻度干旱下,蒸腾速率与正常土壤水分下相近,重度干旱胁迫下蒸腾速率降到1.5 mmol/(m2·s)以下;2)晴天的蒸腾速率与太阳辐射关系密切,呈正相关,不同土壤水分胁迫下的斜率不同,表明太阳辐射是蒸腾的主导因子;3)多云天时,蒸腾速率与太阳辐射的线性关系明显下降,说明白天蒸腾一旦开始,蒸腾速率不因短时间的太阳辐射下降而降低;4)在3个土壤干旱水平下,气温都不是蒸腾的主导因子.人工气候箱试验条件下,蒸腾速率虽与气温线性关系明显,但蒸腾速率明显小于晴天自然条件下.同时也说明,轻度干旱不影响栓皮栎蒸腾;在静风条件下,太阳辐射是栓皮栎叶温变化的主导因子,可使叶温变化7℃左右,占叶温变化的50％～70％;蒸腾潜热和对流换热项可使叶温变化1 ～2℃左右,各占叶温变化的10％ ～20％.本研究为构建栓皮栎的WSI,以及用叶气温差诊断栓皮栎土壤水分提供理论依据.     

毛乌素沙地南缘赖草蒸腾速率与叶水势关系的初步研究

通过野外观测，利用统计分析对毛乌素沙地南缘的赖草蒸腾速率与叶水势的关系进行了初步的研究。结果表明：赖草蒸腾速率呈现双峰变化；6月份的水势值要明显大于7月份，说明赖草7月份受到的干旱胁迫要大于6月份；通过相关性分析，建立了赖草蒸腾速率与叶水势间的一元回归模型。     

不同土壤水分条件对中国沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘的光合和蒸腾作用的影响

在野外不同生境和田间不同干旱条件下,对中国沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides sinensis)和俄罗斯沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)的光合和蒸腾作用的日进程进行研究后发现:随着土壤水分含量的增加,沙棘的光合速率和蒸腾速率随之升高。在不同的土壤水分条件下,光合作用和蒸腾作用的日进程表现为双峰或单峰曲线,峰值的出现时间也随土壤水分条件的变化而变化。中国沙棘光合速率的日平均值表现为雌株高于雄株,而俄罗斯沙棘表现为水分条件适宜时雄株略高于雌株,受到干旱胁迫后雌株大于雄株;且俄罗斯沙棘的光合能力优于中国沙棘。俄罗斯沙棘蒸腾速率的日均值为雌株高于雄株,中国沙棘雌雄株蒸腾速率的差异规律不一致。光合速率和蒸腾速率与土壤含水量的回归分析表明:二者呈显著的正相关,回归方程为一元二次方程,复相关系数接近1。     

Differential Growth Response to Salt Stress Among Selected Ornamentals

Evaluation of salt tolerance in herbaceous perennials was performed with mature potted plants under greenhouse conditions. Six herbaceous perennial species were evaluated for their tolerance to aqueous solutions of various sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations over a 21 day period by measuring growth, water transpiration, and leaf nutrient content. Potential exists for utilization of these species in somewhat challenging saline environments along roadsides and in urban landscapes. Species evaluated in a mature growth stage included Achemilla mollis, Nepeta x faassenii, Sedum acre, Thymus praecox, Phlox subulata and Solidago cutleri. On the basis of relative growth rate and water transpiration responses to NaCl (0–400 mM) treatments, groundcovers were grouped into three tolerance categories: highly sensitive to salt treatment (S. acre), those with intermediate sensitivity (A. mollis, N. x faassenii, T. praecox, and P. subulata), and those exhibiting tolerance (S. cutleri). Sodium content in leaf foliage of S. cutleri was about ten-fold lower than other groundcover species in the 200 mM NaCl treatment, consistent with greater tolerance to NaCl treatments in terms of transpiration, biomass accumulation, and retention of green foliage. Comparison of foliar nutrient levels among groundcover species and treatments suggested strong differential response to NaCl treatment, indicating that changes in nutrient levels over time may be a reasonable way to predict NaCl tolerance in groundcovers.     

缙云山三种典型阔叶树光合生理特性研究

为研究缙云山三种典型阔叶树光合生理特性,并找出合适的光响应拟合曲线,通过测定自然条件下三种典型树种四川山矾（Symplocos setchuanensis）、四川大头茶（Gordonia acuminata）、白毛新木姜子（Neolitsea aurata）光合生理生态特征参数,采用修正直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型对光响应曲线进行拟合,结果表明:（1）四川大头茶的光饱和点为1 048μmol/（m²·s）,光补偿点为3.25μmol/（m²·s）,四川山矾光饱和点为2337μmol/（m²·s）,光补偿点为5.48μmol/（m²·s）,白毛新木姜子光饱和点为1 164μmol/（m²·s）,光补偿点为4.62μmol/（m²·s）;（2）蒸腾速率表现为白毛新木姜子>四川大头茶>四川山矾,在相同光强下,白毛新木姜子比四川山矾蒸腾速率高0.6～0.7μmolCO₂/（m²·s）。四川山矾的耐光性最强,且可能为C4植物;对于有光抑制现象树种,修正直角双曲线模型在求光饱和点、最大净光合速率方面更具优势。     

基于MLR和人工神经网络的新疆杨日蒸腾量估算

为解决当前旱区防护林主要树种新疆杨日蒸腾量（T_r）估算值的精确度低、估算模型泛化能力差等问题,采用7种气象因子（日照时长、风速、相对湿度、饱和水蒸气压差、最低温、最高温和日均温）的8种组合作为模型输入,构建了传统多元线性回归模型（MLR）和人工神经网络模型（BP和Elman）,估算2020年生长季新疆杨T_r值,并对3种模型不同输入组合的估算结果进行比较与评价;同时基于Garson算法量化各气象因子对T_r估算值的相对贡献率。结果显示,BP和Elman模型对T_r估算值的精确度超过73.66%,在不同输入组合下人工神经网络模型估算精确度比MLR模型提高了8.45%~31.33%,其中拓扑结构为6-4-4-1的Elman模型估算值的精确度最高;气象因子饱和水蒸气压差对T_r估算值的相对贡献率最大,相对湿度次之,不同温度变量对T_r估算值的相对贡献率依次为：日均温>最低温>最高温。结果表明,所构建的新疆杨日蒸腾量的估算神经网络模型可提高对干旱地区防护林蒸腾量的估算精确度。     

杏-丹参林药复合系统中丹参光合和蒸腾特性的研究

该文以杏-丹参林药复合系统中药用植物丹参为研究对象,利用Li-COR 6400便携式光合作用仪测定其光合和蒸腾作用,其目的是探讨林药复合系统中药材的生理生态特征,为发展果药复合模式提供一定的理论依据.结果表明:①杏-丹参复合系统中,杏树行中间测点的光照强度日变化规律与对照一致,都是单峰曲线,但是峰值低于对照.树行的东西冠下测点的日变化规律是对称的,前者上午出现峰值,后者下午出现峰值.树行中间、东林冠下和西林冠下日平均光照强度比对照分别减小25.6%、68.5%、62.6%;统计分析表明各测点光照强度达显著差异.②利用SPSS统计软件分析了光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线,得到丹参叶片的光饱和点约为236.4 μmol/（m2·s）,光补偿点约为15.88 μmol/（m2·s）,表观光量子效率为0.056　1　mol/mol.丹参叶片CO2补偿点为30 μmol/mol, CO2饱和点为800 μmol/mol,叶片的羧化效率为0.075　2,说明丹参为C3植物.③杏-丹参林药复合系统中丹参的光合速率和蒸腾速率均降低,且各测定点间差异显著,日变化曲线规律也发生变化.