Root exposure effects on water relations of Eucalyptus nitens nursery stock

Bare-root seedlings of Eucalyptus nitens frequently exhibit water stress after planting resulting in leaf lamina damage and reduced leaf area. Two trials examined effects of root exposure and desiccation between lifting and transplanting on post-planting water relations, leaf retention and root growth. Plants with roots exposed on a glasshouse bench initially lost water rapidly. In one trial ₁ declined to around –2.0 MPa within 2.5 h, after which there was no further change with exposure up to 7.5 h. In the second trial, the initial decline in ₁ was more rapid, reaching below –2.0 MPa in the first hour, before remaining stable with continuing exposure up to 4.5 h. A further decline then continued to –4.0 MPa after 7.5 h.Two days after transplanting into potting mix, day – time leaf water potentials in all desiccation treatments had declined to near –2.0 MPa. Hydraulic resistivity, measured as leaf specific resistivity two days after transplanting, increased following exposure for greater than 2.5 h, but there was no further increase between 4.5 and 7.5 h. The increase in resistivity corresponded with leaf water potential declining below –2.0 MPa during exposure.In the second trial, increasing root exposure time resulted in decreased leaf area due to lamina necrosis. Root growth, measured three weeks after planting, was also reduced. and there was also a positive curvilinear relationship between leaf area remaining at three weeks and new root growth. The results are discussed in terms of hardiness and the management of E. nitens seedlings from nursery to plantation.     

从澳大利亚引进的两种相思植物光合速率和蒸腾效率的初步研究

以LCA-4光合蒸腾测定系统进行大腺相思和多花相思叶片气体交换过程的测定。结果如下：（1）净光合速率日变化明显，且变化趋势大体一致，即10：00-13：00具有较高的光合速率，其它测定时间相对较低。（2）两树种净光合速率存在差异。大腺相思高于多花相思，其最大值分别为19.6(10:00),16.1(13:00)μmolm^-2s^-1，日平均值分别为11.9,9.8μmolm^-2s^-1，反映了大腺相思的生长速度较多花相思快。（3）大腺相思和多花相思蒸腾速率日变化明显，正午前后较高，13：00达到最大，日平均值多花相思略高于大腺相思，分别为3.3,3.0mmolm^-2s^-1，表明在相同的环境条件下大腺相思的耗水量低于多花相思。（4）两树种蒸腾效率的日变化趋势大体上也类似，即在9：00-11：00较高，此期间大腺相思和多花相思和多花相思的平均值分别为5.51,4.21μmolCO2/mmolH2O。日平均值大腺厢思和多花相思分别为3.84,2.88μmolCO2/mmolH2O,表明消耗等量的水分大腺相思比多花相思能固定更多的CO2量，即有更高的水分利用效率。     

晋西北旱坡地枣树蒸腾作用与萎蔫现象研究

以木枣为试材进行枣树蒸腾作用与萎蔫现象研究 ,结果表明 :晋西北黄土丘陵旱坡地枣树叶片在正常年份内的蒸腾速率为 0 .93 μg/ (s· cm2 ) ;枣树的蒸腾系数为3 81 .66,即枣树叶片每制造 1 g干物质需要消耗水分 3 81 .66g。枣树的萎蔫现象是指果实的萎蔫和叶片的萎蔫 ,枣树幼树叶片的永久萎蔫系数为 3 .5%,而枣树大树叶片的永久萎蔫系数应低于 3 .3 6%。果实萎蔫分为暂时萎蔫和永久萎蔫。果实萎蔫时期一般是在气温最高的 7月— 8月份 ,特殊年份可持续至 9月上旬 ,枣果实开始萎蔫时的土壤水分含量在 6%左右。     

黄土半干旱区油松苗木蒸腾特性与影响因子的关系

 为分析土壤水分与气象因子对油松蒸腾作用的影响程度,提高造林成活率,并为林地水分管理提供科学依据。在2004年生长季典型晴天,采用盆栽试验,人为控制土壤水分,利用针叶Li-1600稳态气孔仪和BP-3400精密天平等仪器,对黄土半干旱区油松苗木的蒸腾特性及其影响因子的关系进行研究。结果表明:在不同的土壤水分条件下,油松蒸腾速率和气孔阻力的日变化曲线分别呈“双峰型”和“W”型;在典型晴天下,蒸腾速率与土壤含水量的关系呈三次曲线相关,7、8和10月份,油松叶片蒸腾速率达到最大值时所对应的土壤含水量分别为17.7%、19.8%和17.5%。蒸腾速率除自身生理特性的影响外,还受土壤水分和气象因子综合影响,当土壤水分充足时,蒸腾速率与气象因子相关性高;当土壤水分产生胁迫时,蒸腾速率与气象因子相关性降低。在严重土壤水分胁迫下,7和8月份气温对蒸腾作用的影响最大,10月份光合有效辐射的影响最大。在土壤充分供水的条件下,7月份空气相对湿度对蒸腾作用的影响最大,8月份是气温,10月份是叶温。     

半干旱区华北落叶松林冠层蒸腾特征及其影响因子

准确量化半干旱区森林植被耗水特征及其影响因子对植被-水-土的综合管理至关重要。选择内蒙古大青山的华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,利用热扩散探针法监测树干液流,同步监测气象因子和土壤体积含水量。结果表明,研究期间华北落叶松冠层蒸腾存在明显月、季节变化,冠层蒸腾季节变化呈单峰曲线,冠层月蒸腾量（mm）为8月（55.08）＞7月（54.76）＞6月（48.76）＞5月（43.13）＞9月（40.20）＞10月（12.36）。华北落叶松林冠层蒸腾与气温、太阳辐射、大气湿度、饱和气压差、风速、土壤水分均存在极显著相关关系（P＜0.01）,回归分析表明气温、太阳辐射和大气湿度是影响冠层蒸腾的主要气象因子;基于边界线的分析表明,冠层蒸腾随太阳辐射、气温变化可用对数增长函数拟合,即随太阳辐射、气温增大,冠层蒸腾先快速后缓慢增大,达到阈值后趋于平稳;冠层蒸腾随大气湿度增加的变化遵循抛物线曲线,阈值为59.41%。次降水量对冠层蒸腾的影响存在差异,降水强度>10 mm的次降水量显著影响华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾。总体来看,气温、太阳辐射、大气湿度和降水是影响华北落叶松冠层蒸腾的主要环境因子。     

不同造林时间对3个树种幼苗叶片光合特性的影响

采用培育55 d的银新杨、白榆和文冠果营养钵苗在生长季6月、7月和8月不同时间进行造林,测定缓苗期3个树种叶片的光合指标,以期为幼苗缓苗期的管理提供依据。结果表明：3个树种的光合指标均存在显著差异。同一树种不同造林时间的净光合速率无显著差异,蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度则存在差异,以7月的值最大。3个树种在不同造林时间的光合特性变化基本一致,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度与胞间 CO2浓度在栽后1～3 d出现持续下降,4 d开始回升,5～7 d内恢复到栽前水平。3个树种在不同造林时间的缓苗期为5～7 d,此时应该加强土壤水分的管理,保证水分供应充足,确保幼苗尽快度过缓苗期,提高造林成活率。     

7种园林绿化树种蒸腾耗水特性研究

以香樟、桂花、无患子、黄山栾树、沙朴、紫弹朴和珊瑚朴等7种园林绿化树种为研究对象,采用盆栽实验方法,用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪和ACS-D11电子天平等仪器,通过对其在不同天气条件下的瞬时蒸腾速率、日耗水量等进行了测定和研究。结果表明:1在水分充足条件下,7种供试树种在不同天气条件下的耗水速率基本一致,均是早晚低、中午前后高,呈双峰或单峰曲线;2日耗水量在不同天气条件下差异达到了极显著水平,而在不同树种间差异达到了显著水平,其中紫弹朴的日耗水量是极显著高于香樟,且显著高于其他5个树种。     

丛枝菌根真菌对鸢尾的促进作用研究

为高效利用水陆两栖植物鸢尾修复污染水体,本研究通过测定不同的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与鸢尾构建共生体系的生长指标、土壤理化性质及植物光合作用指标,探讨不同AMF对水生植物鸢尾的促进作用。结果表明:AMF对鸢尾的促进作用主要体现在地上及地下两部分,其中地下部分通过利用其庞大的菌丝网络吸收土壤中的营养物质,进而促进了鸢尾的生长,其中对比无菌剂侵染的空白植物,摩西球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高71.75%,磷元素的吸收率提高8.36%,而根内球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高42.55%,磷元素的吸收率提高9.5%;而地上部分则是通过加强叶片气孔导度的开启来调控植物净光合速率与蒸腾速率之间的平衡,进而提高了鸢尾的最优水资源利用率,加快植物的新陈代谢,最终促进植物的生长发育。其中对于鸢尾光合作用的调节摩西球囊霉的促进效果显著好于(P<0.05)根内球囊霉。     

油料植物红皮糙果茶与油茶叶片光合特性研究

为探明油料植物红皮糙果茶（Camellia crapnelliana Tutcher）光合作用日变化体征,为其科学栽培提供理论依据, 采用Licor-6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定红皮糙果茶和油茶（Camellia oleifera L.）的光合生理特性及环境因子的日变化,并进行分析研究。结果表明,在晴天条件下红皮糙果茶净光合速率曲线呈双峰状,自9:10至13:10期间有一个长达4 h的高效光合平台期（19.7～20.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）,最大值为20.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。气孔导度日变化与油茶相似呈单峰曲线于13:10达到峰值0.22 mmol·m^-2·s^-1,但其蒸腾速率整体高于油茶。油茶无明显光合“午休”现象,净光合速率最大值出现在中午11:10,为20.1 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。相比之下红皮糙果茶光合作用时间较长,总光合产率较高。     

Effects of silicon application on drought resistance of cucumber plants

A study on the effects of silicon supply on the resistance to drought in cucumber plants was conducted in pot experiments. The results suggested that in the absence of stress, silicon slightly enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, but significantly decreased the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in cucumber plants. Silicon enhanced the net photosynthetic rate of cucumber plants under drought stress. Since silicon decreased the stomatal conductance, enhanced the capacity of holding water, and kept the transpiration rate at a relatively steady rate during drought stress, the photosynthesis of the cucumber plants was sustained. And under drought stress, silicon increased the biomass and water content of leaves in cucumber plants. Silicon decreased the decomposition of chlorophyll in cucumber plants under drought stress, limited the increase of the plasma membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves, alleviated the physiological response of peroxidase (POD) to drought stress, maintained the superoxide dismutase (SOD) normal adaptation, and increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Under severe stress, these physiological biochemical reactions showed positive correlations with the amount of silicon supply. These findings demonstrated that silicon enhanced the resistance of the cucumber plants to drought. Statistical analysis indicated that under drought stress the cumulative value of biomass showed a highly significant correlation with the cumulative value of diurnal photosynthesis (r = 0.9812, p < 0.01), and was significantly correlated with the water content of leaves (r = 0.8650, p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that under drought stress the first factor responsible for the effects of silicon application on the cumulative value of biomass was the increase of photosynthesis, and the second factor was the enhancement of the water holding capacity. Based on these facts, it was concluded that silicon enhanced the resistance to drought mainly by taking part in the metabolism of plants.