在CO2浓度加富条件下马尾松针叶的生理生态响应

研究了在3种不同CO2浓度(360 μmol·mol-1、800 μmol·mol-1、1 200 μmol·mol-1)下马尾松针叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率的变化.结果表明:在当前CO2(360 μmol·mol-1)浓度下,当光强为1 000 μmol·m-2·s-1时,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别为3.46 μmol·m-2·s-1、0.273 mmol·m-2·s-1、0.0254 mmol·m-2·s-1,针叶的光饱和点和光补偿点分别为:(1 800±2) μmol·m-2·s-1和(24±2) μmol·m-2·s-1.当CO2加富到1 200 μmol·mol-1时,针叶的光饱和点降低了200 μmol·m-2·s-1,而光补偿点增加了4 μmol·m-2·s-1.在光照强度为50～2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1的条件下,不同CO2浓度下的水分利用率平均值分别为:1 200 μmol·mol-1浓度下的19.163 μmol·mmol-1,800 μmol·mol-1浓度下的12.912 μmol·mmol-1,360 μmol·mol-1浓度下的11.192 μmol·mmol-1.短期的CO2加富降低了植物叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度,而植物的水分利用效率则上升.     

稳态气孔计与其它3种方法蒸腾测值的比较研究

１９８９－１９９２年,分别在山东（鲁克斯扬）与宁夏（合作杨）人工林中,用３种方法（快速称量法、热脉冲法和整树容器法）多次对比了气孔计测值的变化。结果表明,气孔计测值恒大于实际蒸腾值。根据１０次１０２６个样本比较,气孔计测值约为自然蒸腾值的１．３－３．２倍,平均为２．６４９倍,其平均校正系数为０．３７７５,干旱地区为０．６４５２,较湿润地区为０．３４０７,此值可作为蒸腾耗水研究的参考。     

不同黑杨无性系叶片及单木水平蒸腾特性研究

以廊坊地区杨树胶合板用材林主要造林树种中林46杨和廊坊杨为研究对象,应用快速称重法和热扩散茎流计分别观测了不同杨树叶片蒸腾速率和树干液流变化特征,旨在为该地区更精确地估计生态用水定额提供科学依据,而且也可为该区域杨树胶合板材林的造林、营林及流域综合管理提供理论基础。结果表明:无论晴天还是阴天,林木叶片蒸腾速率日变化都呈现有规律的单峰曲线,晴天表现为单峰宽峰曲线,阴天为单峰窄峰曲线;树干边材液流的日变化均表现出明显的昼夜规律;树干的测定方位不同,其液流速率存在着一定差异,白天均表现出一致的规律:树干南侧液流速率>树干北侧液流速率,而夜间树干南北液流速率大小相差不大,维持在0～2cm/h上下波动。     

严重水分失衡状态下四照花蒸腾表面的削减

应用RGB图像分析的方法,研究了日本山口市街区生长的四照花（Comus kousa Buerg.）对2007年夏季干热多风的环境的响应。结果表明,许多四照花叶尖叶缘出现焦枯,清晰的暗棕色防护带显示在焦枯的叶片上。这些防护带逐渐从叶尖向叶基退缩直到成功控制焦枯为止,且留下许多不成功的防卫痕迹。焦枯的叶片呈现鲜明的逻辑斯蒂函数式变化趋势。依据气象数据分析,四照花叶片退缩型焦枯几乎与干燥峰值期同步。这表明在干燥度突然升高期间,极端的水分亏缺诱发了四照花的防卫反应,从而保护其余部分免于进一步的失水。像素分析结果表明,截止到2007年8月底四照花样树通过局部叶片退缩型焦枯减少了40.2%的叶面积。相比之下,鉴于上半年雨量充足,2008年,相同的样树只有13.2%叶面积减少。不管怎样,四照花的确削减了蒸腾表面积,并且表现出一种独特的蒸腾表面减少方式。既不同于落叶也不同于地上部枯死。依据脱水过程的分析,四照花在突然的干热胁迫下叶尖始发的干缩和叶片防卫反应的共同作用被认为是其蒸腾表面削减的关键所在。     

高温胁迫对拔节期水稻光合作用和蒸腾速率的影响

为进一步了解高温对水稻生长的影响机制,为水稻的田间管理提供理论依据,以拔节期镇稻6号为试验材料,对其进行1d、3d和5d的昼间(10:00-15:00)高温(35～40℃)处理,之后转入28℃条件下恢复2d,以28℃未处理水稻为对照,研究较长时间高温处理及常温恢复对水稻光合作用及蒸腾速率的影响.结果表明:昼间高温处理,水稻叶片净光合速率(Pn)和胞间CO2浓度日变化呈先下降后上升的趋势,在中午13:00达到最低点,并且随处理时间的延长逐渐降低;气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化呈先上升后下降趋势,在中午13:00达到最高点,并随处理时间的延长逐渐升高;短时高温处理(5 d)后常温恢复2d,上述指标即可恢复.结论:夏季高温对拔节期水稻光合作用造成影响,且主要是由非气孔限制因素引起的;蒸腾作用增强是降低叶温的生理机制.     

北京地区几个造林树种耗水性比较研究

利用热扩散式边材液流探针于 2 0 0 0— 2 0 0 1年 ,在北京西山地区北京林业大学教学实习林场对油松、侧柏、刺槐、栾树、臭椿和君迁子等树种的蒸腾耗水性进行了对比研究 .结果发现 ,树种之间在耗水量、耗水节律、耗水生态对策 ,以及耗水的调节机制方面存在很大差异 .其中 ,树木的叶片蒸腾速率、树干木质部边材宽度、边材导管分布与形态特征、根系空间分布特征等因素对单木耗水量均有不同程度影响 .通过比较发现 ,油松液流通量显著大于侧柏 ;刺槐、栾树、臭椿和君迁子 4个树种中栾树单木耗水速率最高 ,其次是臭椿 ,刺槐和君迁子最低 .     

地膜覆盖对蒸腾蒸发的影响

通过2000年农田膜覆盖的试验，结果表明该项技术具有明显的保墒作用，有效地改善了土壤的湿度和土壤储水量，还对农田的土壤温度和空气湿度有明显的影响，从而影响了作物蒸腾和土壤的蒸发，促进了农田水分的良性循环。     

Transpiration efficiency of Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) in response to drought stress

Drought is a major abiotic stress responsible for severe crop losses worldwide. Development of new crop varieties with increased drought tolerance is one way to increase crop productivity. The aim of this study was to characterise the diversity of nine accessions belonging to Amaranthus tricolor and A. cruentus, in response to drought stress using a dry-down protocol to characterise the transpiration efficiency (TE). Plants were subjected to either a gradual dry down or well-watered conditions. Results showed that TE was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in water-deficient (WD) plants compared to water-sufficient (WS) plants, 2.40 g kg^?1–7.13 g kg^?1 and 2.19 g kg^?1–4.84 g kg^?1, respectively. There was no significant difference in the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) threshold decline between the amaranth genotypes. TE was highly correlated with yield under both WS (r = 0.89, P < 0.001) and WD conditions (r = 0.662, P < 0.001), and negatively correlated with root-to-shoot ratio under both WS (r = ?0.488, P < 0.05) and WD conditions (r = ?0.460, P < 0.05). Significant genotypic differences were seen for growth rate and stress susceptibility index (SSI). The result obtained in this investigation underline the need to identify genotypic variation in water use efficiency in amaranth.

Abbreviations: FTSW: Fraction of transpirable soil water; NTR: normalised transpiration rate; SSI: Stress susceptibility index; TE: transpiration efficiency; WHC: water holding capacity; WD: water-deficient; WS: water-sufficient.     

基于氧同位素的玉米农田蒸散发估算和区分

农田蒸散发(evapotranspiration,ET)的估算和区分是土壤-植物-大气连续体中的重要研究内容,是农业水资源高效利用的重要基础。该研究分析了土壤水、蒸发水汽、蒸腾水汽和大气背景混合水汽氧同位素组成分布特征,并采用2种同位素的方法对玉米农田蒸散发进行估算和区分:1)结合Keeling plot和Craig-Gordon模型的同位素方法(Iso-CG);2)基于土壤水同位素守恒和水量平衡的方法(Iso-WB)。结果表明,在玉米生育期内Iso-WB方法与Iso-CG方法所计算的玉米蒸腾比例分别为0.64~0.91和0.52~0.91,平均值分别为0.80和0.78。玉米蒸散发总量在前期、中期和后期均值分别为3.95、5.30和4.98 mm/d。通过比较参数并与前人研究结果对比分析,表明采用Iso-CG方法估算区分ET相对精确,采用Iso-WB方法计算蒸散发要求的测量精度相对较高,计算误差较大。该研究成果不仅为玉米农田制定灌溉制度及提高用水效率提供了理论依据,而且对深入探索氧同位素水文学领域具有重要意义。     

Gas Exchange of Five Warm‐Season Grain Legumes and their Susceptibility to Heat Stress

Objective of this study was to compare the heat stress performance of four pulses from dry and hot areas (mungbeans, limabeans, and teparybeans and cowpeas) with that of soybeans. Two experiments were conducted in growth chambers, and data were pooled because results of both experiments were similar. Plants were raised up to flowering at 24/17 °C (day/night) and were then either exposed to these temperatures until maturity or stressed with 33/24 °C for 2 weeks starting at day 1 or 15 after onset of flowering (early vs. late stress). Before, during and after these stress intervals, gas exchange of representative upper leaves was examined; additionally, immediate effects of increasing leaf temperatures from 24 to 32 or 40 °C on chlorophyll fluorescence were assessed. Without heat stress rates of photosynthesis (P_n), and of transpiration (TR), stomatal and mesophyll conductance (g_s, g_m) and intrinsic transpiration efficiency (iTE) differed significantly among the five crops at each date. However, because of crop‐specific time‐courses ranking among unstressed crops was instable with time, so values were integrated or averaged over time. This procedure revealed high P_n potentials in mung‐ and teparybeans and high iTE values in limabeans compared to the other crops. Heat stress lowered P_n and g_s considerably, but increased TR in all five crops. Relative lowering of P_n during heat stress displayed a crop‐specific pattern with limabeans being least susceptible to both early and late heat stress, while cowpeas were highly susceptible to early stress. Effects on P_n were mainly attributable to lowering of g_s and only in part to g_m. The latter was supported by very small changes (<10 %) of various chlorophyll fluorescence signals shortly after raising leaf temperature to 32 °C in all species. However, in limabeans, a decreased electron transport rate (e‐rate, ?18 %) and an increased non‐photochemical quenching (Q_N, +16 %) pointed to an adaptive mechanism to avoid oxidative strains under heat. Leaf temperatures of 40 °C immediately provoked stronger changes in all fluorescence signals than 32 °C; substantial damages at 40 °C were indicated by effective quantum yield, photochemical quenching and ratio of fluorescence decrease in mungbeans and low ones in cowpeas and soybeans. Nevertheless, some adaptive responses of e‐rates and Q_N were observed in all crops and were most expressed in limabeans.