黄瓜耐热性与其叶片、根系和花粉性状关系的研究

在提出一种黄瓜营养生长耐热性评价方法的基础上,研究黄瓜耐热性与其叶片、根系和花粉性状的关系。结果表明：黄瓜营养生长的耐热性是高温下黄瓜产量形成的重要生理基础,花粉耐热性不能作为黄瓜耐热材料的筛选指标。高温下黄瓜叶片厚度、叶片栅栏组织厚度、叶片温度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和根系干重与黄瓜营养生长耐热性呈显著线性相关,表明蒸腾降温是黄瓜营养系统避免高温伤害的重要机制。     

河套灌区节水型农田防护林建设与节水潜力

通过河套灌区小美旱杨蒸腾作用的定量研究 ,计算不同林龄、不同更新方式小美旱农田防护林带的耗水量 ;论述河套灌区建设节水型农田防护林的意义及节水潜力 ,并对小美旱防护林带的改造提出建议。     

Suitability of plant physiological methods to estimate the transpiration of agricultural crops

Transpiration is the main part of the water balance in the system soil-plant during the vegetation period. Its determination or calculation is essential for modeling of soil moisture content or solute transport. Transpiration is difficult to quantify because it is influenced by the atmosphere, the soil, and the plants. This paper describes the potential and limitations of plant physiological methods (sap flow, gas exchange, leaf water potential) to estimate the transpiration. A weighable lysimeter was used as reference method. Results are shown for corn [Zea mays L.] and rape [Brassica napus L.]) for the years 1998 and 1999. At days without rain the diurnal transpiration rates, determined by the plant physiological methods and by the lysimeter differ by less than 12%. The results demonstrate that the plant physiological methods applied are important for an understanding of the complex transpiration process. Limitations lie in the difficulties in up-scaling, and the impossibility of measurements of the absolute actual transpiration rates of agricultural crops for longer periods like months or years.     

Yield and olive oil characteristics of a low-density orchard (cv. Cordovil) subjected to different irrigation regimes

The impact of different irrigation scheduling regimes on the quantity and quality of olive oil from a low-density olive grove in southern Portugal was assessed during the irrigation seasons of 2006 and 2007. Olive trees were subjected to one of the following treatments: A—full irrigation; B—sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) with 60% of ETc water applied with irrigation; C—regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) with irrigation water applied at three critical phases: before flowering, at the beginning of pit hardening and before crop harvesting and D—rain-fed treatment. Olive oil yield was significantly higher than rain-fed conditions in 2006, an “on year” of significant rainfall during summer. No significant yield differences were observed in the following “off year”. Among the irrigated treatments, olive oil production of treatment B was 32.5% and 40.1% higher in 2006 and 2007, respectively than the fully irrigated treatment A, despite receiving 49% less irrigation water. Such strategy could allow for an efficient use of water in the region, of very limited available resources, and for modest but important oil yield increase. Nonetheless, on the “on year” of 2006 treatment C used 13.9% of the water applied to treatment B and produced only 23.9% less olive fruits which could also make it illegible as the next possible strategy to use for irrigating olive trees in the region, provided that water is secured latter in the summer, a period of vital importance for oil accumulation and very sensitive to water stress as the poor results of 2007 revealed. The different treatment water regimes did not impact on the chemical characteristics of olive oils that were within the set threshold limits. Similarly, the sensory characteristics of the olive oils as well as bitterness and pungency were negligible for all treatments allowing them to be assessed as of “superior quality”.Overall, irrigation treatments had no influence on the commercial value of produced oils, being all classified as “extra virgin”. Such funding may be of vital importance to farmers willing to further their irrigation area, save water and still retain the protected designation of origin (PDO) seal of quality for their oil.     

基于贝叶斯分析的干热河谷区橙子林冠层蒸腾耗水模拟

需耗水机制是进行农田/果园水分管理和调控的基础。本文聚焦蒸腾耗水机制,基于贝叶斯参数估计方法对比了不同Jarvis-Stewart模型配置对干热河谷区橙子林蒸腾耗水量的模拟效果,探索了Jarvis-Stewart模型在影响因子交互效应较强条件下蒸腾耗水模拟中的适用性。结果表明,考虑不同影响因子及其限制函数会对模拟效果产生较大影响,其中考虑土壤含水率和叶面积指数对模拟效果改善作用明显,而引入饱和水汽压差和气温则不同程度地降低模拟精度;考虑的影响因子越多,模型结构越复杂,模拟效果不一定越好;筛选出的最佳模型结构基本实现了橙子林蒸腾耗水的可靠模拟,但模拟效果仍有明显改进空间,因此,应综合考虑模型复杂程度、模拟精度及不确定性等,进一步探究适宜的模型结构。研究可为果园节水灌溉技术体系建立和水分管理优化提供科学依据,也能为耗水模型的进一步发展和完善提供理论支撑。     

AP番荔枝的光合特性

对AP番荔枝的光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:在晴天,AP番荔枝叶片净光合速率的日变化呈双峰曲线,高峰在11时,次高峰在15时,中午有明显的“午休”现象;光饱和点为1350μmol/(m2·s),光补偿点为56.4μmol/(m2·s);光合作用的最适温度在24.3oC左右。AP番荔枝的光合作用受光合有效幅射、温度和叶片气孔导度等因素的影响;蒸腾速率随叶温的高低而变化。     

基于修正双作物系数模型估算温室黄瓜不同季节腾发量

为估算温室黄瓜植株蒸腾与土面蒸发,该研究基于FAO-56推荐的双作物系数模型,应用温室内实测微气象、叶面积指数(LAI)及土壤水分数据,对模型中基础作物系数(Kcb)和土面蒸发系数(Ke)进行修正,并基于修正后FAO-56Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型,确定温室参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0),进而估算温室黄瓜蒸发蒸腾量(ETc)和植株蒸腾(Tr)。基于Venlo型温室内黄瓜不同种植季节(春夏季和秋冬季)Lysimeter和茎流计观测的黄瓜ETc和Tr,对修正后的双作物系数模型预测结果进行验证。结果表明,应用修正后的双作物系数模型估算的温室黄瓜ETc和Tr与实测值具有较好地一致性,春夏季温室黄瓜全生育期ETc估算值与实测值的日均值分别为3.05和2.94 mm/d,秋冬季分别为2.53和2.76 mm/d。修正后的双作物系数模型估算春夏季温室黄瓜日ETc的决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和模型效率系数(Ens)分别为0.95、0.41 mm/d和0.93;估算秋冬季ETc的误差计算结果依次为0.91(R2)、0.48 mm/d(RMSE)和0.90(Ens)。修正后的双作物系数模型估算春夏季日平均Tr与实测值分别为2.37和2.19mm/d,秋冬季分别为1.43和1.34 mm/d。研究结果还显示,不同种植季节温室黄瓜全生育期日平均Tr占ETc的比例分别为64.62%(春夏季)和68.59%(秋冬季)。该研究成果不仅为制定准确的温室黄瓜灌溉制度提供了理论依据,而且对实现温室环境智能化控制及减少温室内无效的土面蒸发具有重要意义。     

黄瓜气孔导度、水力导度的环境响应及其调控蒸腾效应

以营养生长期温室黄瓜为研究对象,通过四元二次正交旋转组合设计,分析稳态流条件下土壤相对含水率、空气温度、空气湿度和光合有效辐射对气孔导度、土壤植物系统总水力导度的影响及其调控蒸腾效应。结果表明,4个环境因子对气孔导度、总水力导度均有正效应,对其影响最大的环境因子分别是空气湿度、空气温度;土壤相对含水率与光合有效辐射、空气温度与空气湿度对气孔导度和总水力导度存在明显的交互作用;空气湿度对气孔导度、总水力导度的单因子效应为开口向上的抛物线函数,其他环境因子的单因子效应皆趋近于线性递增函数;各因子的边际效应分析表明,空气湿度是气孔导度的主要调控途径,除光合有效辐射外,其他因子均可有效调控总水力导度。采用通径分析方法研究了环境因子、气孔导度、总水力导度调控蒸腾效应,结果表明,空气温度、光合有效辐射和气孔导度均主要通过增强总水力导度对蒸腾作用产生间接正效应,其次是对蒸腾作用的直接正效应;土壤相对含水率主要通过增强总水力导度和气孔导度对蒸腾作用产生间接正效应;空气湿度的直接影响为负效应,但其主要影响途径为通过增强总水力导度和气孔导度对蒸腾作用的正效应;气孔导度与总水力导度响应环境因子变化并相互作用,协同调控蒸腾作用。     

柱状苹果树生长生理与蒸散特征对水分的响应研究

通过研究不同灌水量和地表覆膜条件对柱状苹果树的生长生理及蒸散特征的综合影响,探寻适合苹果树生长且水分利用效率高的灌水量和保水措施。通过遮雨棚下可称量式蒸渗桶试验,设置4个灌水水平:60%ETC(W1)、80%ETC(W2)、100%ETC(W3)和120%ETC(W4);地表覆膜处理分别为有覆盖(M)和无覆盖(NM),分析柱状苹果树的干物质量、光合速率、蒸腾速率和阶段耗水情况对不同灌水量和地表覆盖条件的响应规律。结果表明,干物质量随灌水量增加而增加,且M处理可促进干物质量的积累;净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均随着灌水量的增加而升高。不同生育期净光合速率和蒸腾速率由大到小依次均为:果实膨大期、果实成熟期、开花座果期、叶变期。相同灌水量和地表覆盖处理条件下,不同时刻净光合速率由大到小依次为10:00、13:00、08:00,蒸腾速率由大到小依次为13:00、10:00、08:00,气孔导度由大到小依次为10:00、08:00、13:00。瞬时水分利用效率(LWUE)最大值和最小值分别出现在W2处理10:00(4.52μmol/mmol)和W4处理13:00(2.62μmol/mmol);全生育期总蒸散量随着灌水量增加而增加,NM处理较M处理增加11.02%~16.35%。开花座果期、果实膨大期、果实成熟期和叶变期的耗水强度分别为3.29~4.36 mm/d、2.40~4.85 mm/d、0.83~1.79 mm/d和0.77~1.53 mm/d,耗水模数分别为19.34%~27.40%、55.99%~61.41%、8.62%~12.63%和5.85%~7.24%。最终得出120%ETC灌水量和地表覆膜条件有利于改善柱状苹果树的生长和生理状况,但80%ETC处理水分利用效率最高。地表覆膜不仅促进苹果树生长而且降低了土壤蒸发量,具有一定的保水作用。因此,MW2处理为相对节水的灌溉模式。     

基于BP-NN的温室膜下滴灌茄子蒸腾速率预测模型

通过田间试验,对温室膜下滴灌茄子冠层叶片蒸腾速率的变化规律进行了深入研究。通过分析温室内地面温度、相对湿度、植株冠层温度、气压、水面蒸发、太阳辐射等6个环境参数与茄子蒸腾速率的综合影响关系,确定了网络拓扑结构为6-9-1。并应用MATLAB软件,选择Levenberg-Marquardt(L-M)优化算法,建立了基于Back Propagation(BP)神经网络的温室膜下滴灌茄子蒸腾速率预测模型。经模型验证得出,BP神经网络模型预测值与蒸腾速率实测值间拟合效果较好,平均相对误差为0.029 8,达到预测精度要求。该研究成果对温室膜下滴灌作物需水规律及需水量研究具有较好的参考价值。