制冷剂的替代及相关问题分析

结合当今世界环保趋势对制冷剂使用的要求,阐述了关于某些制冷剂的最后禁用期限、替代、过渡和禁用制冷剂的回收利用,并提出了对中国有关制冷剂替代工作的建议。     

混流式水轮机座环过渡段的结构分析

通过对混流式水轮机座环过渡段进行分析,获得了过渡段的最优结构。分析结果用C语言编写了程序,应用此程序可以提高设计精度,优化结构,缩短设计周期。     

纳米TiO2改性丝素复合膜的研究

为了进一步改善丝素蛋白膜的结构性能,用溶胶凝胶法制备了不同比例纳米TiO_2改性的丝素蛋白复合膜。对生成的纳米粒子进行粒径分析表明,成膜前后纳米粒径约为80nm左右。对丝素膜的结构和热性能用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、热重分析(TGA和DTG)进行表征：XRD测试结果表明,随着纳米TiO_2的加入,复合丝素膜的结晶结构从SilkⅠ向SilkⅡ转化;SEM测试结果表明,TiO_2能与丝素形成较好的键合;TGA和DTG测试表明,复合丝素膜的热转变温度较之于纯丝素膜有所提高。     

Performance and Microstructure of Ultra Low Ion Permeability Cementitious Materials

Microstructure and macro performance of Ultra Low Ion Permeability Cementitious Materials (ULIPCM) were investigated by Micro hardness, MIP and SEM EDXA. It was shown that the compressive strength of ULIPCM was more than 80 MPa, flexural strength was more than 11.0 MPa, and elastic modulus was in the range of 38.0 to 42.0 GPa at the age of 28 days; chloride diffusion coefficient was lower than 0.8×10－13m2·s－1, conductive charge for 6 hours was lower than 300 coulombs; sulfate attack resistance was good; shrinkage at the age of 28 days was lower than 400×10－6. Compared with ordinary concrete with which thickness of interfacial transition zone is 60 to 100 μm, the thickness of interfacial transition zone of ULIPCM was lower than 30 μm. Penetration paths of corrosive medium were effectively interrupted in ULIPCM. And pore structure parameters, such as porosity and the most probable pore radius of ULIPCM, were also obviously optimized in ULIPCM. Besides, few CH crystals were in the ULIPCM aggregate and the interfacial transition zone of ULIPCM. And the orientation of CH crystals was poor.     

河北省张家口市坝上农牧交错带区域生态研究

对河北省张家口市坝上农牧交错带的生态现状进行调查研究。对坝上地区的生态恶化的原因进行了分析,并就持续发展当地经济和恢复重建农牧交错带的生态环境提出了对策。     

惠州市土地利用变化的时空转移研究

以广东省惠州市为研究区,基于1992、2006年2期土地利用数据,采用GIS空间分析方法,对惠州市1992～2006年间土地利用时空变化情况进行分析,旨在为该地区及相似地区的土地利用调控与管理提供有益的参考。     

不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累转运与分配特性

以矮秆玉米品种登海661 (DH661),中间型玉米品种超试3号(CS3),高秆玉米品种鲁单981 (LD981)和先玉335 (XY335)为试验材料,研究不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累、转运及分配特性。结果表明,不同株高类型玉米品种干物质积累量在开花期之前差异不显著,其差异主要表现在开花后,随株高的增加,开花后的干物质积累降低。矮秆品种植株中下部茎秆的碳素分配率比高秆品种低,叶片则相反。通过¹³C同位素示踪研究表明,不同株高类型玉米品种不同部位叶片对产量的贡献不同。随株高降低,中、下部叶片的光合产物转移率相对提高,而上部叶片的转移率有所下降,高秆品种LD981和XY335上部叶片对籽粒的贡献率相对较高,中矮秆品种DH661和CS3下部叶片对籽粒的贡献率相对较高。不同部位叶片在开花前后对籽粒贡献也不相同,高秆品种LD981和XY335上部叶片开花后光合产物的转移率最高;矮秆品种DH661中部叶片开花前光合产物的转移率最高。     

Glass transition behavior of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a major co-product from the corn ethanol industry, has high feed value for its chemical composition. The ratio of wet distillers grains (WDG) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) added during the production process determines the chemical composition of DDGS. Effect of changing this ratio and the influence of moisture content on glass transition behavior of DDGS was studied. Five prediction models were evaluated to explain the glass transition of DDGS. The mixed trends in the result indicated the complex behavior of DDGS particles and revealed that both moisture content and chemical composition impact the glass transition behavior of DDGS. Onset glass transition temperature ranged from 20 to 30 °C depending on the chemical composition. Kwei equation predictions were better than the predictions by Gordon-Taylor equation. The glass transition temperature of DDGS can be mathematically explained by combining the moisture content and chemical components protein, fiber, glycerol, and sugar percent. The artificial neural network (ANN) model gave a better prediction of onset and midpoint glass transition temperature of DDGS and this might be due to the accurate mapping of the interaction between chemical components.     

农牧交错带农牧系统氮素流动与环境效应——以山西省为例

【目的】探明山西省农牧交错带农牧生产系统的氮素流动特征及其环境效应,进一步为山西实施区域养分资源管理、加快农牧交错带产业结构调整提供科学依据。【方法】在整理统计资料、文献数据和实地调研的基础上,使用食物链养分流动模型（nutrient flows in food chains, environment and resources use,NUFER）和GIS,估算山西省农牧交错带（主要涉及大同、朔州、忻州、吕梁、临汾和太原等6个地市）42个县区农牧生产系统的氮素账户平衡、流动路径及损失途径。【结果】不同县区农田化学氮肥投入存在“两极分化”的现象,投入水平范围在6.7-253 kg·hm^-2,极值间相差38倍;各县区农田氮素的投入结构也表现出较大差异,主要跟当地化学氮肥施用习惯及农业种植结构有很大的关系;单位农田面积农作物主产品的氮素携出量范围在19.11-96.75 kg·hm^-2,空间上整体呈现南北高、中部低的变化趋势;不同县区农田氮素盈余量在-16-202 kg·hm^-2,氮素亏缺与盈余情况并存;区内畜牧生产系统中外源饲料氮素投入差异较大,朔州市的山阴县外源饲料氮素投入高达0.94×10⁴ t,而忻州的五寨、临汾的隰县、大宁和蒲县,则可以通过作物生产系统来满足畜牧生产系统的饲料需求,也充分反映了各县区畜牧业养殖规模和农牧产业结构存在较大差异;区内单位面积农田动物主产品氮素携出量范围在1.51-27.50 kg·hm^-2,极差25.99 kg·hm^-2,说明各县区畜牧生产系统的生产力水平差异较大,单位农田面积动物主产品的氮素携出量＞13 kg·hm^-2的分布在区域北部朔州市的山阴、怀仁、大同等县区,表明这些县区畜牧生产系统中的氮素利用率较高;单位耕地面积畜禽粪尿氮素负荷较高（＞50 kg·hm^-2）的县区主要分布在区域北部;农牧生产系统氮素损失的空间分布格局明显：一级区（＞200 kg·hm^-2）分布在区域北部,二级区（120-200 kg·hm^-2）分布在区域南部和北部,三级区（＜120 kg·hm^-2）主要分布在区域中部,今后应重点关注区域北部农牧业生产过程中的氮素损失及环境问题。【结论】农业生产结构不合理、“农牧分离”是造成农牧生产系统氮素利用率低下的主要原因,今后农田养分资源综合管理要在空间上合理配置氮素资源,在养分投入上既要考虑化学氮肥和粪尿氮素的投入,还要兼顾来源于环境投入部分的氮素,更要注重和畜牧生产系统的耦合,以最小的环境代价生产更多的农牧产品。