Equity Mechanisms in Traditional Forest Management Systems: A Case Study of Loita Forest in Kenya

Equity in forest resources access remains a key challenge. In Kenya this was exacerbated by the application of command and control management approaches. The introduction of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) in 1997 has started changing this scenario. The main objective of this study was to determine the equity mechanisms practiced under Traditional Community Based Forest Management (TCBFM), a traditional form of participatory forest management in Loita forest. An assessment of the impact of this management approach showed that equity and pro poor practices were inherent in Loita forest, where TCBFM was being implemented. The approach facilitated the poor to build up assets through relatives contributing to their livelihood assets. This was sustained through traditional support systems that are interwoven with forestry management. A majority of the community members interviewed perceived that the importance of the forest to household livelihood had been increasing since 1995. An increase in household assets since 1995 was associated with household participation in Traditional Community Based Natural Resources Management (TCBNRM). A majority (93%) of the households who were members of TCBNRM indicated grazing as the benefit. There was a general perception that participation in this form of PFM contributed to improvement of economic, physical, natural, human, social, and political capitals at the household and community levels.     

Systematic Review of Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drug‐Induced Adverse Effects in Dogs

The aim of this systematic review was to identify, assess, and critically evaluate the quality of evidence of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID)‐induced adverse effects in dogs. Original prospective studies published in peer‐reviewed journals in English (1990–2012) that reported data on the safety of NSAIDs administration in dogs were searched. For each study, design type (I, II, III, or IV) and assessment of quality (+, Ø, ?) were rated. For each drug, quantity and consistency rating (***, **, *) and strength of evidence (high, moderate, low, or extremely low) were identified and evaluated. The strength of evidence was defined in terms of how applicable and relevant the conclusions were to the target population. Sixty‐four studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty‐five (55%) research studies and 29 (45%) clinical trials were identified. A high strength of evidence existed for carprofen, firocoxib, and meloxicam; moderate for deracoxib, ketoprofen, and robenacoxib; and low for etodolac. Quality and consistency rating were as follows: carprofen (***/***), deracoxib (**/***), etodolac (*/unable to rate), firocoxib (***/**), ketoprofen (**/***), meloxicam (***/***), and robenacoxib (**/**), respectively. Adverse effects were detected in 35 studies (55%) and commonly included vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. Three studies (5%) reported a power analysis related to adverse effects of ≥80%. In randomized, placebo‐controlled, blinded studies (n = 25, 39%), the incidence of adverse effects was not statistically different between treated and control dogs. Finally, most studies were not appropriately designed to determine the safety of NSAIDs, and involved a healthy nongeriatric population of research dogs.     

大白菜晋菜1号施肥效果及肥料利用率初探

利用“3414”田间肥效试验,研究N、P、K肥对大白菜晋菜1号产量、经济效益的影响,并分析了肥料利用率.结果表明,合理施用N、P、K肥能产生显著的增产增收作用,试验表明:合理配施N、P、K肥,大白菜晋菜1号增产量最高达6 417 kg/hm2,增加的纯收入为18 148.5元/hm2.在生产中不能盲目加大肥料用量,要根据土壤肥力状况及大白菜对养分的需求规律,做到N、P、K肥合理配施,以减少肥料损失,同时加强土壤培肥至关重要.     

超微粉中草药添加剂对热应激江汉土鸡免疫器官组织形态学的影响

[目的]探讨超微粉中草药添加剂对热应激江汉土鸡雏鸡免疫器官组织的影响。[方法]采用完全随机试验设计,挑选100只江汉土鸡雏鸡,随机分为5组:1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;2、3、4、5组在基础日粮中分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的中草药超微粉添加剂,研究超微粉中草药添加剂对热应激免疫器官组织的影响。[结果]2、4组雏鸡体重显著高于对照组(P<0.05);4、5组的法氏囊指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05),2、3、4、5组的脾脏指数分别比对照组提高24.1%、29.6%、26.3%和16.2%,但差异不显著(P>0.05),第4组的胸腺指数显著高于其他组(P<0.05);试验组免疫器官的T、B淋巴细胞相对数显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组的免疫器官细胞紧密,基本无损伤细胞及核固缩现象。[结论]中草药超微粉添加剂能够明显刺激免疫器官的生长,并改善其免疫功能。     

不同浓度的多效唑对水仙形态建成的影响

多效唑处理水仙鳞茎能明显使植株变矮,根系变短,株冠开张度变小,叶面积、叶重和 单位面积叶重均变小,单位面积的叶绿素含量增大。但花朵大小不受影响。故使用多效唑有 利于提高水仙花的欣赏价值,从而提高了水仙的经济效益。     

基于云课堂的混合式教学法在实践课程教学的研究

随着信息技术的发展,以及传统教学模式下学生学习现状的不容乐观,世界范围内多种新教改模式相继出现。其中以云课堂为基础的混合式教学法,迅速扩展到教育的各个领域。本文研究了云课堂的混合式教学法在我校药物分析与检验技术课程中的实践应用,从研究背景、研究的方法目标及实践教学设计等方面进行了阐述。     

2种中国樱桃果实有机酸积累及代谢相关酶活性的研究

研究‘黑樱桃’和‘红樱桃’2种中国樱桃果实生长发育过程中有机酸积累及相关代谢酶活性,探究中国樱桃发育过程中二者间的关系,为国内樱桃优质生产提供理论依据。以汉源县当地种植的10 a生‘黑樱桃’和‘红樱桃’为试验材料,测定发育时期内果实有机酸组分的质量分数以及酸代谢相关酶的活性。结果表明,2种中国樱桃果实中苹果酸质量分数最高,并呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,成熟时苹果酸质量分数占总酸质量分数85%以上,其他有机酸质量分数很低,且‘红樱桃’果实总酸质量分数高于‘黑樱桃’;苹果酸脱氢酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶活性与苹果酸质量分数变化趋势相近,并呈显著正相关;苹果酸酶活性在果实发育后期迅速升高,与苹果酸质量分数呈负相关;柠檬酸合成酶活性与柠檬酸质量分数呈显著正相关。2种中国樱桃果实有机酸积累以苹果酸为主,‘黑樱桃’果实有机酸质量分数更低,有着更好的风味,苹果酸脱氢酶、苹果酸酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶是2种中国樱桃果实苹果酸积累代谢的关键酶。     

中草药复方制剂对青脚麻鸡法氏囊免疫功能、抗氧化性及增殖凋亡基因表达的影响

试验旨在研究由金银花、黄连、蒲公英等药材组成的中草药复方制剂,对青脚麻鸡法氏囊组织结构、抗氧化功能、细胞因子和抗体分泌及增殖凋亡相关基因(PCNA和Caspase-3)表达的影响。采用单因子试验设计,将400羽青脚麻鸡按照体重相近原则分为对照组(基础日粮)和试验Ⅰ-Ⅲ组(分别添加0.5%、1.0%和1.5%中草药复方制剂),每组5个重复(n=20),试验期56 d。结果表明,28日龄时,添加1.0%中草药复方制剂可增加青脚麻鸡法氏囊细胞因子(IL-2和IFN-γ)、IBDV抗体和GSH-Px含量及PCNA mRNA和蛋白表达量(P0.05),降低Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达量(P0.05)。56日龄时,添加1.0%中草药复方制剂可增加青脚麻鸡法氏囊IFN-γ、IBDV抗体和GSH-Px含量(P0.05),降低MDA含量及Caspase-3蛋白表达量(P0.05)。显微观察可见,28和56日龄时,添加1.0%中草药复方制剂可显著增加法氏囊小叶和淋巴小结面积(P0.05),降低法氏囊Caspas-3阳性细胞数量,说明日粮中添加1.0%中草药复方制剂对法氏囊组织结构及免疫抗氧化功能均有明显改善,对法氏囊增殖和凋亡相关基因表达有明显调控作用。文章分别从分子和组织水平揭示中草药复方制剂对青脚麻鸡法氏囊生长发育和免疫功能的影响及可能机制,为新型中草药复方制剂研发及其在青脚麻鸡生产中的应用提供科学依据。     

试论宋元时期橄榄的流行

宋元时期,产自南方偏远地区的橄榄广泛流行于当时的日常生活,时人对橄榄本身及其功用等都有了进一步认识。宋元时期橄榄的广为流行,主要得益于宋元时期统一政局的实现与南北经济、文化、士人交流的加深,宋元时期饮食业的高度发展与饮食日用的广受关注,以及当时茶文化盛行的重要影响。