中国与非洲木质林产品贸易分析

主要从贸易规模、产品结构以及地域分布三个方面分析了中国与非洲木质林产品贸易的现状, 并运用产业内贸易指数, 分别从出口和进口两个方面, 对主要木质林产品的贸易情况进行了研究。结论是, 中国对非洲的木质林产品贸易以出口制成品、进口原料为主, 在木质林产品贸易上具有很强的互补性, 应通过加强合作实现互利共赢。     

The “Nemo Effect”: Perception and reality of Finding Nemo's impact on marine aquarium fisheries

Global audiences are increasingly being exposed to digital media with fictitious storylines that draw on animal characters involuntarily entering wildlife trades . An understudied problem in wildlife trade is the potential for motion pictures to influence their audience's desire to become more acquainted, often via acquisition, with animals portrayed in the films. The 2003 Disney motion picture Finding Nemo connected audiences with a wildlife trade already commonplace: the marine aquarium trade. In this trade, fisheries supply live coral reef organisms to millions of public and private aquaria worldwide. Here, we examine the perception and reality of Finding Nemo's impact (coined the “Nemo Effect”) on the fisheries of the species complex representing the film's primary protagonist “Nemo” (Amphiprion ocellaris/percula). Import and export figures show little evidence for fan‐based purchases of wild‐caught fish immediately (within 1.5 years of release) following the film. We argue that the perceived impact on these species, driven by popular media with an emotive but scientifically uninformed approach to conserving coral reef ecosystems, can be more damaging to the cause of conservation than helpful. This perspective is intended to encourage marine aquarium trade stakeholders to consider the ecological and social repercussions of both media driven consumption and opposition to the trade. Using lessons learned from Finding Nemo, we discuss the likely impacts the sequel, Finding Dory, will have on wild populations of its protagonist “Dory” (Paracanthurus hepatus).     

The contribution of cephalopods to global marine fisheries: can we have our squid and eat them too?

Cephalopods are a key component of marine food webs, providing sustenance for myriad marine species. Cephalopods are also of increasing economic importance as evidenced by the rapid rise in their global landings over recent decades. If fisheries continue on this trajectory, conflicts may transpire among cephalopod and finfish fisheries, particularly in ecosystems where cephalopods are highly valuable both directly as a landed commodity and indirectly as prey for other harvested species. We provide the first measure of the ecosystem services that cephalopods contribute to fisheries in 28 marine ecosystems, both as a commodity and an ecological support service. We also evaluate how current demands on cephalopods compare to mid‐20th century conditions. We find that cephalopod contributions to fisheries vary widely, but are substantial in many ecosystems. Commodity and supportive services provided by cephalopods contributed as much as 55% of fishery landings (tonnes) and 70% of landed values ($USD). The contribution of cephalopods as a commodity was generally greatest in the coastal ecosystems, whereas their contribution as a supportive service was highest in open ocean systems. Further, the commodity and supportive services provided by cephalopods to fisheries landings increased in most of the coastal ecosystems between the mid‐20th century (years 1960–70) and contemporary periods (years 1990–2004), indicating the rising demand for cephalopods. Current demands have no historical precedent and ecosystems in which cephalopods are highly exploited as a targeted resource and as an ecological support service should be further evaluated to prevent the unsustainable development of marine fisheries within them.     

Temperature‐ and light‐dependent ratio of energy gain to metabolic costs explains spatial and temporal habitat use of zooplanktivorous fish

Understanding the forces that drive habitat selection of species in communities is important in both ecology and evolution. In nature, species face variation in competition, predation and physical characters among habitats. Vendace (Coregonus albula (L.)) is a specialised zooplanktivorous fish predominantly using deeper water in lakes during summer, while roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)) uses mainly the shallow littoral zone as well as the upper layer of the pelagic zone. To understand mechanisms behind habitat use of these species, I first conducted a predation experiment to investigate their sensitivity to predation by perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). Second, I performed a foraging experiment using different temperature and light treatments. I then used metabolic calculations to estimate energetic costs when foraging. I found no difference between species regarding sensitivity to predation. Vendace was the most efficient forager on zooplankton but also swam faster spending more energy compared to roach. Roach had a comparatively high metabolic rate in the lowest temperature, where their foraging efficiency was lowest. The energy gain ratio at 6°C was highest for vendace, while it was lowest for roach. In the highest temperature (18°C) and the lowest light level (1 lux), both species were similar in their energy gain ratio. The relative energy gain ratio provides a mechanism to explain habitat distribution for the two species. An increased understanding of the role of metabolism in combination with biotic interactions and habitat use may help to foresee effects of environmental change for different species.     

智利弗雷政府的农业工会与农村社会关系变革

20世纪五六十年代,落后的大庄园制引发的农村社会问题日益突出,在以教会为代表的土改支持力量和国外因素影响下,智利弗雷政府开始了智利的土改进程。弗雷政府土地改革中一项重要的成就是于1967年颁布《农民工会法》,由此农业工会取得了合法地位并得以蓬勃发展。智利农业工会所构建的集体协商和联盟主义,重塑了智利农村的社会关系,为智利农村现代化进程做出了不可忽视的贡献。     

高职外贸会计专业核心职业能力研究

为培养具有全球化视野的高素质、复合型会计人才,高职外贸会计专业应明确市场定位,确定构成要素,突出核心能力,建立合理课程体系,实施多维互动教学模式方案和会计实践教学,系统培养实务操作技能,加强"双师型"教师队伍的建设,创新能力的考核评价体系,搭建起高职外贸会计专业核心职业能力培养平台。     

中国梨生产、贸易与国际竞争力分析

梨是世界重要水果,也是我国主要的出口果品之一。进入21世纪以来,世界和中国的梨生产、贸易和竞争力都有了新的变化。本文以FAO(联合国粮农组织)数据为基础,通过对数据不同角度的分析,对我国梨生产、贸易和国际竞争力进行了研究。结果表明,2000-2007年我国梨收获面积不断扩大,产量大幅度提高,在世界梨生产中所占的比重不断增加,但是梨单位收获面积产量仍低于世界平均水平;我国的梨出口量在世界梨贸易中所占比重持续增加,梨出口具有很强的国际竞争力,但竞争力的维持是以较低的出口价格为代价的。针对我国梨生产和贸易中存在的问题,本文讨论了改善我国梨生产和提高梨果国际竞争力的措施。     

中国水产业对农业的贸易贡献率研究

通过考察中国水产品对农产品的出口贡献率和外汇贡献发现,水产业在农业中特别是在出口中占据很重要的位置,与此同时,要素禀赋论和恩格尔定律也证明了水产业是我国农业中具有较强比较优势的行业,因此,有必要通过促进水产品出口来带动农业的发展,进而促进经济增长.而针对我国目前水产品出口面临的贸易壁垒和同业恶性竞争两大问题,提出应采取措施,譬如制订新的行业标准,包装材料和标签认证制度和标签制度以消除出口中的技术壁垒,并有必要提高出口产品的附加值推进我国水产品出口.     

绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口贸易的影响

研究了绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响,并且提出了在WTO框架下我国规避绿色壁垒的策略。