城乡商贸统筹发展中存在的问题及对策探讨

探讨了重庆市在城乡商贸统筹发展进程中存在的认识不到位、乡镇基础设施建设滞后、城乡配套服务及市场管理差异大、城乡商业网点布局不合理、城乡收入差距持续扩大、城乡商贸流通市场体系规划滞后和政策及保障机制不健全等主要问题，并针对这些问题提出了促进城乡商贸统筹发展的对策。     

As the world gets smaller, the chances of invasion grow

Summary While the issue of invasive alien species has important biological components, economic factors such as global trade deserve much greater attention for several reasons. First, virtually all of our planet’s ecosystems have a strong and increasing anthropogenic component that is being fed by increasing globalisation of the economy. Second, people are designing the kinds of ecosystems they find productive or congenial, incorporating species from all parts of the world through quicker and more efficient means of transportation. And third, growing travel and trade, coupled with weakening customs and quarantine controls, mean that people are both intentionally and inadvertently introducing alien species that may become invasive. The great increase in the introduction of alien species that people are importing for economic, aesthetic, accidental, or even psychological reasons is leading to more species invading native ecosystems, with disastrous results: they become invasive alien species (IAS) that have significant deleterious effects on both ecosystems and economies. This paper examines some of the important non-biological dimensions of the IAS problem, including historical, economic, cultural, linguistic, health, sociological, management, legal, military, ethical, and political dimensions. These are addressed in terms of the causes, consequences, and responses to the problem of IAS. These dimensions of IAS are fundamental, and successfully addressing the problem will call for greater collaboration between different economic sectors and among a wide range of disciplines. The Convention on Biological Diversity, the negotiations of the World Trade Organisation, and many other international agreements offer important opportunities for addressing the complex global problems of IAS through improved international cooperation.     

Comparison of two methods that assess soil community level physiological profiles in a forest ecosystem

There are currently two approaches that use whole soil to determine community level physiological profiles (CLPP) based on C-substrate utilization. We assessed the Degens and Harris and MicroResp™ approaches for their ability to distinguish between previously mined and non-mined forest soils that are characterized by gradients in biological, chemical and physical properties. Surface soils (0-5 cm) were collected from two ages of forest rehabilitation (3- and 16-years post mining), within mounds and furrows (caused by contour ripping) and from adjacent non-mined forest soil. Microbial respiration response to individual substrates was six times greater from the Degens and Harris (1.84 μg CO₂-C g soil h⁻¹) than the MicroResp™ (0.31 μg CO₂-C g soil h⁻¹) approach. The MicroResp™ approach was able to distinguish between CLPP of the two ages of rehabilitation (P=0.05), whereas the Degens and Harris approach did not. Neither approach identified an overall difference between the CLPP of mined and adjacent non-mined forest. The MicroResp™ approach revealed a significant difference (P=0.03) in CLPP from mounds of the two rehabilitation ages but no differences between the furrows. In addition there was a difference (P=0.03) in CLPP between the mounds and furrows within the 3-year old rehabilitation but no difference between the mounds and furrows within the 16-year-old rehabilitation. However, the CLPP of mounds of the 3-year old rehabilitation were different (P=0.059) to adjacent non-mined forest, while the furrows were not. There was no difference in CLPP between the mounds or the furrows of the 16-year-old rehabilitation and adjacent non-mined forest. These results suggest that the aspect of microbial heterotrophic function measured in this study takes up to 3 years to re-establish in the furrows and between 3-16 years in the mounds of post-mined rehabilitation soils. Our results also indicated that the MicroResp™ was substantially better than the Degens and Harris approach in distinguishing between treatments; this is likely to be due to differences in substrate concentrations and soil water potentials between approaches. Testing of a more comprehensive range of organic compounds would likely provide greater ecological interpretation of the CLPP data.     

日本检疫性贸易壁垒及我应对措施

通过对日本检疫性贸易壁垒的分析，我们应根据SPS协议的有关规定，采取必要措施，打破其检疫性贸易壁垒，促进我产品出口。     

中国农产品国际贸易发展中的问题及对策

论述了WTO框架下农产品国际贸易发展的趋势及我国农产品贸易的主要问题,并提出从思想意识上重新认识我国农业发展的历史阶段及国际背景,加快科技创新和推广,提高产品的技术含量和竞争力,建立农产品标准化制度、认证制度及预警制度等以及在"绿箱"政策范围内加强对农业基础领域和涉农企业的支持。     

第三产业的发展对提高农民收入的实证分析

以农民收入水平为因变量进行数学建模,利用SPSS软件的回归分析,对第一产业和第三产业的发展速度在农民生活水平提高中的影响进行分析后,得到结论:第三产业对其增长的贡献率已经超越了除第一产业以外的其他因素,成为提高农民生活水平的另一关键因素。最后针对我国农业发展政策提出了若干建议。     

绿色壁垒对我国农产品国际贸易的影响及应对措施

在分析了绿色壁垒对农业生产和农产品国际贸易的正反两方面影响的基础上 ,就我国如何应对绿色壁垒提出若干建议措施。     

新西兰的养鹿生产与国际贸易现状

对新西兰养鹿生产及其鹿肉、鹿茸等鹿产品国际贸易现状进行了概述。     

绿色壁垒与中国农产品贸易对策

绿色壁垒是发达国家以环保和健康为由制定的限制进口发展中国家产品的系列环保法规及技术标准。绿色壁垒的产生有其深刻的政治、经济和环境因素的原因，在农产品国际贸易中，绿色壁垒的表现形式有绿色关税制度、绿色技术标准制度、绿色环境标志制度、绿色包装制度、环境卫生检疫制度和绿色补贴制度等。绿色壁垒对中国农产品贸易的影响具有两面性．既有消极的影响也有积极的影响。随着全球经济的绿色化，绿色壁垒将成为更广泛更隐蔽的贸易壁垒。中国作为世贸组织的成员国，应顺应历史潮流，推进我国产业的绿色化建设。对于中国农业企业来说，应结合中国实际，将绿色意识贯穿全局，采取多种策略应对绿色壁垒，以促进中国农产品出口的持续增长。参20     

Human-wildlife conflicts influence attitudes but not necessarily behaviors: Factors driving the poaching of bears in China

Human-wildlife conflicts often spur retaliatory killing, which may be a major threat to some wildlife species. Asiatic black bears depredate crops and livestock and also attack humans. We investigated whether human–bear conflicts in Sichuan Province, southwestern China, resulted in increased bear poaching. We conducted semi-structured interviews within 429 15 × 15-km cells across the province, asking villagers about bear occurrence, population trends, attitudes toward bears, human–bear conflicts, responses to bear damage, and bear poaching. Bears raided crops (n = 174 cells), killed livestock (n = 114 cells), and attacked people (n = 49 cells). Fifty percent and 43% of villagers held negative and neutral attitudes toward bears, respectively; attitudes were more negative among people who had previous interactions with bears or lived where bear encounters were more likely. Although killing bears was illegal, villagers in 117 cells (38%) indicated that bear poaching occurred around their villages. However, killing bears was not significantly linked to damage: indeed, killing was more common in areas without human–bear conflicts. Poachers killed bears mainly for trade of their valuable parts (gall bladder and paws, 78.5%). Tibetan people experienced bear damage and also had negative attitudes toward bears, but reported less poaching than Han or Yi people, due to their religious beliefs. Our study indicated that human-wildlife conflicts shaped people’s attitudes toward bears, but strong economic incentives, not attitudes, prompted illegal killing. Whereas mitigation of human–bear conflicts could help foster more positive attitudes toward bears and the nature reserves that protect bears, this strategy will not remove the primary threat against this species.