常用杀虫剂对半闭弯尾姬蜂成虫和蛹的安全性

选择11种常用杀虫剂,采用药膜法与浸渍法,分别测定了其在田间防治小菜蛾推荐使用浓度下对半闭弯尾姬蜂成虫和蛹的致死率。测定结果表明,97%杀螟丹可湿性粉剂、5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油、10%虫螨腈乳油、5%氟虫腈乳油、2.5%多杀菌素悬浮剂的毒性较高,处理24h后的死亡率分别为100%、100%、100%、100%和79.6%;而5%茚虫威乳油、5%氟啶脲乳油、10%虫酰肼乳油的毒性较轻,24h后的死亡率分别为37.0%、36.1%和33.3%;、20%丁醚脲乳油、3%Bt可湿性粉剂和2%阿维菌素乳油对成虫无毒,24h后死亡率分别为27.8%、13.3%和3.3%,与对照无显著差异。不同供试杀虫剂制剂对寄生蜂蛹的羽化率均与对照无显著差异,表明所测药剂对半闭弯尾姬蜂蛹的毒性较低。     

藏草乌水煎提取液体外杀灭羊虱蝇药效及皮肤毒性试验研究

试验旨在研究藏草乌的水煎提取液在体外杀灭羊虱蝇的药效作用及其皮肤毒性、刺激性、过敏性试验,为藏草乌的开发利用和临床应用提供理论依据。将1%、2%、4%、8%、10%藏草乌水煎提取液分别滴于衬有吸水纸和羊虱蝇的平皿中,在1、2、4、8 h时分别观察其对羊虱蝇的杀灭情况。取相同剂量1%、2%藏草乌水煎提取液均匀涂于大白兔的完整皮肤和破损皮肤,进行皮肤毒性、刺激性和过敏性试验。结果显示,给药1 h后各浓度的藏草乌水煎提取液及阳性对照组均出现了不同程度的羊虱蝇杀灭效果,4 h后阳性对照组杀灭率为100%,8 h时,1%、2%藏草乌水煎提取液杀灭率达到70%,而2%藏草乌水煎提取液较1%药物组杀灭羊虱蝇效果好;皮肤毒性试验显示,大白兔皮肤无红斑、水肿,体重变化正常;皮肤刺激性试验结果显示,藏草乌提取液对大白兔皮肤无刺激性;皮肤致敏反应结果表明,藏草乌提取液对大白兔不具有致敏性。综上所述,藏草乌水煎提取液具有良好的体外杀灭羊虱蝇作用,且皮肤用药安全。     

Toxicity of diafenthiuron to honey bees in laboratory,semi‐field and field conditions

BACKGROUND: Cardamom, an important spice crop often attacked by many insect pests, is controlled mainly using synthetic insecticides. As honey bees play a vital role in pollination in cardamom, the impact of insecticides on honey bees needs to be explored to assess its safety. RESULTS: Risk assessment based on contact toxicity revealed diafenthiuron to be a non‐selective insecticide to bees with a low selectivity ratio (the ratio between the LD₅₀ for beneficial and pest species). A dose of diafenthiuron that killed 90% of cardamom borer, Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee, was found to kill 100% of Indian bees. Based on the hazard ratio (the ratio between the field‐recommended dose and the LD₅₀ for the beneficial), diafenthiuron was found to be slightly to moderately toxic to bees. Diafenthiuron, even at low concentrations of LC₁ (the concentration that killed 1% of bees), was found to affect the foraging and homing behaviour of Indian bees. Of bees fed with 30 µg mL^?1 of diafenthiuron, 40% were found missing on the third day after exposure. However, diafenthiuron did not affect bee visits to the cardamom fields. CONCLUSION: Diafenthiuron is more highly toxic to Apis cerana indica F. than to C. punctiferalis by contact, using selectivity ratio and probit substitution methods of risk assessment, but the hazard ratio revealed diafenthiuron to be a slightly to moderately toxic chemical. Diafenthiuron was found to affect the foraging and homing behaviour of bees at sublethal concentrations. Thus, sublethal effects are more relevant in risk assessment than lethal and acute effects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

高等教育自学考试面向农村服务网络体系建设

高等教育自学考试面向农村延伸是农村社会、经济发展的迫切要求,服务网络体系建设是实现高等教育自学考试向农村延伸的有效途径。探讨了高等教育自学考试向农村延伸的运作方式和有效途径,即建立以市、县、乡三级网站为硬件支撑,充分发挥宣传、管理、服务功能,教材资料(含电视教学片)与助学辅导体系相配套,强化实践环节教学与技能培养为主要内容的高等教育自学考试面向农村的服务网络体系。     

紫花苜蓿耐铝的分子基础研究进展

紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa由于其对酸性土壤上植物铝毒害的敏感性而大大限制了其种植范围.要在占世界耕地40%的酸性土壤上进行推广种植,根本方法是培育耐高酸铝性的紫花苜蓿新品种.就近几年国内外在紫花苜蓿耐铝遗传分析,耐铝转基因苜蓿和其相关蛋白的分离鉴定等方面的研究进行综述,并介绍了亲缘性植物截形苜蓿M.truncatula的相关研究进展,基本明确了当前紫花苜蓿耐铝的研究方向、热点及存在的不足.     

丁布的生物活性研究进展

丁布是广泛存在于小麦、玉米等禾本科作物中的异羟肟酸类次生化学物质, 研究表明其具有广谱活性。本文从丁布的抗虫活性、抗菌活性、化感作用、土壤微生物活性、生态毒性及作用机理等方面进行了概述, 并对今后的研究进行了展望。     

Time-course comparison of pulmonary inflammation induced by intratracheal instillation of four different nickel oxide nanoparticles in male Fischer rats

Occupational exposure to nickel oxide (NiO) is an important cause of respiratory tract cancer. Toxicity is known to be associated with the dissociated component, i.e. nickel (II) ions. To address the relationship between physicochemical properties, including solubility in artificial lysosomal fluid, of NiO and time-course changes in the pulmonary response, we conducted an intratracheal instillation study in male Fischer rats using four different well-characterized NiO products, US3352 (NiO A), NovaWireNi01 (NiO B), I small particle (NiO C), and 637130 (NiO D). The NiOs were suspended in purified water and instilled once intratracheally into male F344 rats (12 weeks old) at 0 (vehicle control), 0.67, 2, and 6 mg/kg body weight. The animals were euthanized on days 3, 28, or 91 after instillation, and blood analysis, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) testing, and histopathological examination were performed. The most soluble product, NiO B, caused the most severe systemic toxicity, leading to a high mortality rate, but the response was transient and surviving animals recovered. The second-most-soluble material, NiO D, and the third, NiO A, caused evident pulmonary inflammation, and the responses persisted for at least 91 days with collagen proliferation. In contrast, NiO C induced barely detectable inflammation in the BALF examination, and no marked changes were noted on histopathology. These results indicate that the early phase toxic potential of NiO products, but not the persistence of pulmonary inflammation, is associated with their solubility.     

低温对球孢白僵菌生物学特性及其对韭蛆毒力的影响

本文室内测试了低温对球孢白僵菌高毒力菌株YB8的生物学特性(菌落生长速率与产孢量)及其对韭蛆毒力的影响。结果表明:在8~25℃温度范围内菌落生长速率和产孢量随温度的降低而降低。在25℃时菌落生长速率为3.15mm/d,产孢量为5.94×106个/mm2。20、23℃下菌落生长速率(1.94、2.91mm/d)与25℃下相比显著降低(P0.05),产孢量(4.80×106、5.57×106个/mm2)略有降低,差异不显著(P0.05),8~17℃下与25℃相比菌落生长速率及产孢量均显著降低(P0.05)。低温下球孢白僵菌对韭蛆的校正死亡率随温度降低而减小,25℃时韭蛆校正死亡率最高,为45.33%,与其他各温度差异显著(P0.05)。因此低温对白僵菌生长和韭蛆致病力有显著影响,根据韭蛆的田间发生规律,建议春秋季节韭蛆盛发期使用球孢白僵菌防治韭蛆时应在土壤温度接近或达到25℃时使用。