尖孢镰孢菌室内生物药剂筛选

在室内选用了6种生物药剂对尖孢镰孢菌进行了毒力测定。结果表明:在供试的药剂中,抑菌效果较好的药剂有低聚糖素、春雷霉素、克菌康,其中低聚糖素对尖孢镰孢菌的抑菌效果最好,EC50为18.20mg·L-1,春雷霉素次之,EC50为20.49mg·L-1。     

3种药物对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的急性毒性试验

为了解烟酰苯胺、硫酸铜和扑草净对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的毒性影响,在水温(28±1)℃下,采用半静水式试验法开展了这3种药物对体质量(2.88±0.34)g、全长(7.30±0.30)cm的兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的急性毒性试验。试验结果显示,烟酰苯胺对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为5.729、4.041、2.224、1.257 mg/L,安全浓度为0.126 mg/L;硫酸铜对幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为3.187、2.116、1.354、0.984 mg/L,安全浓度为0.098 mg/L;扑草净对幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为0.072、0.037、0.020、0.012 mg/L,安全浓度为0.001 mg/L。结果表明,烟酰苯胺和扑草净对翘嘴鲌幼鱼的毒性较大,应避免其污染养殖水体,硫酸铜在其常用质量浓度范围内会对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼的成活率产生影响,应严格控制使用浓度并规范使用方法。     

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)铝毒害与耐性机制及铝毒害的缓解作用

铝 (Al) 毒是广泛存在于热带亚热带地区酸性土壤上的主要的生产力限制因子之一。水稻Al毒害主要发生在新开垦的旱地酸性土壤上。本文较详细地总结了: (1) 水稻发生Al毒的环境条件,水稻Al毒害的可见症状和Al毒害的部位;(2) 水稻耐Al指标,营养元素的吸收与分配对水稻耐受Al毒害的影响,以及Al胁迫下根系分泌物、根际pH的变化等对水稻耐Al的贡献,水稻耐Al基因的定位等;(3) 水稻Al毒害的缓解作用机理及可能的解决措施。最后对水稻Al毒害和水稻耐Al机制研究中存在问题进行了分析探讨,同时对今后的研究作了展望。     

Proton toxicity interferes with the screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for aluminium resistance in nutrient solution

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) proved to be very sensitive of low pH (4.3), with large genotypic differences in proton sensitivity. Therefore, proton toxicity did not allow the screening of common bean genotypes for aluminium (Al) resistance using the established protocol for maize (0.5 mM CaCl₂, 8 μM H₃BO₃, pH 4.3). Increasing the pH to 4.5, the Ca²⁺ concentration to 5 mM, and addition of 0.5 mM KCl fully prevented proton toxicity in 28 tested genotypes and allowed to identify differences in Al resistance using the inhibition of root elongation by 20 μM Al supply for 36 h as parameter of Al injury. As in maize, Al treatment induced callose formation in root apices of common bean. Aluminium‐induced callose formation well reflected the effect of Ca supply on Al sensitivity as revealed by root‐growth inhibition. Aluminum‐induced callose formation in root apices of 28 bean genotypes differing in Al resistance after 36 h Al treatment was positively correlated to Al‐induced inhibition of root elongation and Al contents in the root apices. However, the relationship was less close than previously reported for maize. Also, after 12 h Al treatment, callose formation and Al contents in root apices did not reflect differences in Al resistance between two contrasting genotypes, indicating a different mode of the expression of Al toxicity and regulation of Al resistance in common bean than in maize.     

钙盐诱导下土壤锰和铁的释放及其对胡椒的生物有效性

Releases of manganese and iron ions from an albic soil (Albic-Udic Luvisol), a yellow-red soil (Hap-Udic Ferrisol) and a yellow-brown soil (Arp-Udic Luvisol) induced by calcium salt addition and their bioavailability to pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) were studied in a pot experiment. Addition of Ca(NO₃)₂ decreased soil pH and increased both exchangeable and DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid)-extractable Mn and Fe in soils. Meanwhile, total Mn accumulation in the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. on the salt-treated soils increased significantly (P< 0.01) compared with the control, suggesting that salt addition to soil induced Mn toxicity in Capsicum frutescens L. Although exchangeable and DTPA-extractable Fe increased also in the salt-treated soils, Fe uptake by the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased. The effect of added salts in soils on dry matter weight of pepper varied with the soil characteristics, showing different buffer capacities of the soils for salt toxicity in an order of yellow-brown soil > albic soil > yellow-red soil. Fe/Mn ratio in shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased with increasing salt addition for all the soils, which was ascribed to the antagonistic effect of Mn on Fe accumulation. The ratio of Fe/Mn in the tissue was a better indicator of the appearance of Mn toxicity symptoms than Mn concentration alone.     

异恶草酮对三叶浮萍的毒性研究

以三叶浮萍为对象,研究了异恶草酮对其生长及体内色素的影响作用。结果表明:异恶草酮对浮萍生长抑制的24 hIC50为8.86 mg/L4、8 h IC50为5.21 mg/L7、2 h IC50为1.92 mg/L、96 h IC50为1.66 mg/L,对浮萍体内叶色素的影响作用呈良好的浓度(剂量)-效应关系,随着处理浓度的增大,浮萍体内的叶绿素和胡萝卜素含量明显减少,且叶绿素a/b值也随处理浓度的增大而减小。     

两种纳米农药及其原药对亚洲柑橘木虱的毒力比较

亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是黄龙病的传播媒介,快速、高效地防治媒介昆虫是黄龙病综合防治最重要的技术措施。纳米农药不但能够提高药效、降低化学农药用量,而且提高使用安全性和生物利用度。为了明确纳米农药对亚洲柑橘木虱的防治效果,本实验选用纳米阿维菌素水悬浮剂、纳米阿维.吡虫啉水悬浮剂及其对应原药进行毒力测定,并比较同质量浓度下的杀虫效果,结果表明：1、两种纳米农药的毒力均高于对应原药,其中纳米阿维.吡虫啉水悬浮剂的毒力最强,其处理后第三天LC₅₀为0.0054mg/L,LC₉₅为2.1019mg/L;2、处理后48h、72h相比于24h,纳米阿维.吡虫啉在同质量浓度,死亡率的上升幅度极大,1.25-20 mg/L在72h时导致的死亡率达93%-100%,与200 mg/L无显著差异,而原药随时间推移死亡率虽有所上升,但幅度较小;3、纳米阿维菌素及其原药在处理后3-4d才开始出现死亡,虽然起初纳米阿维菌素防效不及原药,但在随后3d提效速度较快,并在防效上也超过原药;4、阿维.吡虫啉与阿维菌素相比,无论是纳米农药还是原药,其发挥药效较快,而且杀虫效果较好。     

琯溪蜜柚砂囊粒化的无损检测

摘 要：柑橘砂囊粒化是柑果成熟期与采后贮藏期的常见生理性病害,严重影响果实品质。本文采用1.5 T 高场磁共振成像仪对采后贮藏30 d的琯溪蜜柚[Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck]果实进行磁共振扫描检查,并以同层断面解剖图为对照,评估磁共振成像（MRI）应用于柑橘砂囊粒化症无损检测的有效性。结果表明, MRI检测中,T2WI能够显著区分果肉组织与海绵层组织的信号差异,其信号强度可代表果实组织相对含水量;T2WI信号在砂囊粒化部位强度显著降低,病变组织的失水特征清晰,与解剖结果一致。T2WI对砂囊粒化的确诊率100%,显著优于T1WI成像的识别率41.7%（χ2 = 5.76,P = 0.016）;T2WI和T1WI均能显示种籽照影,但T2WI对果肉组织影像的分辨率优于T1WI,因此MRI的T2WI分析可作为一种无损检测方法,对柚商品果实上市前砂囊粒化症发生程度以及种籽有无进行评估。     

8种新型杀菌剂对玉米小斑病菌的室内毒力研究

采用Horafall法和生长速率法,测定了8种新型杀菌剂对玉米小斑菌的毒力,得到8条毒力回归曲线及相应的EC。值。结果表明：供试杀菌剂中烯唑醇对玉米小斑病菌菌丝生长有最强的抑制作用,其回归曲线的相关系数和相应EC50值分别为0．883和1．8858E＋1。其次是速克灵和百菌清,它们回归曲线的相关系数和相应EC50值分别为0．996、0．974和9．1643E＋1、9．2918E＋1春雷霉素、腈菌净、甲基托布津、新万生对玉米小斑菌的毒力较差。筛选出的3种强毒力杀菌剂混配试验结果为：速克灵与烯唑醇2：8的混配组合,增效比为1．2,百菌清与烯唑醇6：4的混配组合,增效比为1．6,速克灵与百菌清2：8的混配组合．增效比为2．它们均为混配试验组合中对玉米小斑病菌增效比最大的增效组合。     

Mussel Shells,a Valuable Calcium Resource for the Pharmaceutical Industry

(1) Background: The mussel (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis) is the most widespread lamellibranch mollusk, being fished on all coasts of the European seas. Mussels are also widely grown in Japan, China, and Spain, especially for food purposes. This paper shows an original technique for mussel shell processing for preparation of calcium salts, such as calcium levulinate. This process involves synthesis of calcium levulinate by treatment of Mytilus galloprovincialis shells with levulinic acid. The advantage of mussel shell utilization results in more straightforward qualitative composition. Thus, the weight of the mineral component lies with calcium carbonate, which can be used for extraction of pharmaceutical preparations. (2) Methods: Shell powder was first deproteinized by calcination, then the mineral part was treated with levulinic acid. The problem of shells generally resulting from the industrialization of marine molluscs creates enough shortcomings, if one only mentions storage and handling. One of the solutions proposed by us is the capitalization of calcium from shells in the pharmaceutical industry. (3) Results: The toxicity of calcium levulinate synthesized from the mussel shells was evaluated by the method known in the scientific literature as the Constantinescu phytobiological method (using wheat kernels, Triticum vulgare Mill). Acute toxicity of calcium levulinate was evaluated; the experiments showed the low toxicity of calcium levulinate. (4) Conclusion: The experimental results highlighted calcium as the predominant element in the composition of mussel shells, which strengthens the argument of capitalizing the shells as an important natural source of calcium.