黄土残塬沟壑区坡度和坡长对土壤侵蚀的影响分析

该研究以黄土区坡地的坡长与坡度对于土壤侵蚀的影响为研究内容 ,旨在为因害设防 ,更好的治理水土流失 ,对黄土高原坡地综合治理提出理论依据和切实可行的实践指导 .根据在山西省吉县黄土残塬沟壑区长期定位水土流失观测与调查资料 ,并结合以往关于黄土区的研究成果分析了坡长和坡度与侵蚀的关系 ,研究表明 :随坡长和坡度的增大 ,径流增大 ,侵蚀量越大 ,侵蚀模数增大 ;年侵蚀模数与坡长呈正相关关系 ;随着坡长增大 ,细沟侵蚀和浅沟侵蚀明显增强 ;坡耕地坡长最好小于 15m .     

东北漫岗黑土区地形因子对浅沟侵蚀的影响分析

浅沟侵蚀是坡耕地上重要的产沙方式之一,地形是控制其发生及发展的关键因素。通过对东北漫岗黑土区两个小流域的地形因子和浅沟侵蚀进行相关分析发现,浅沟长度、侵蚀体积与坡面长度呈显著相关,与汇水面积也有较好的相关。根据地形临界理论,确定了研究区浅沟和切沟侵蚀发生的地形临界（S-A）关系：SEG=0.052AEG^- 0.148和SG=0.072 AG^- 0.141,可以用来预测小流域内可能发生浅沟侵蚀以及浅沟向切沟侵蚀转变的部位。在地形分析的基础上,建立了预测浅沟长度的回归模型,交叉验证表明模型对单条浅沟长度的预测误差较大,平均误差37%;而预测浅沟总长度效果较好,预测浅沟总侵蚀量与实测值的误差也只有6%。     

Spatial variability of glyphosate mineralization and soil microbial characteristics in two Norwegian sandy loam soils as affected by surface topographical features

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of surface topographical features on the spatial variability of glyphosate degradation and some microbial characteristics in sandy loam soil. Soil samples were taken from the ploughed layer across an agricultural field after seedbed preparation for grain (Grue site), and down to 1 m depth under a ridge tilled field (Målselv site), both sites having similar soil textural characteristics (sandy loam soil). Laboratory experiments were performed looking at glyphosate mineralization and soil microbial activity at the Grue site, as well as microbial biomass, activity and substrate utilization patterns at the Målselv site. Microbial biomass and activity decreased, and substrate utilization patterns changed with increasing soil depth, reflecting naturally occurring changes in quantity and quality of soil organic carbon. Further, our results show that considerable spatial heterogeneity in the degradation rate of glyphosate and general carbon utilization exists even across small areas within a single agricultural field. This horizontal variability was observed over several spatial scales, and could not be clearly explained. It evidently arose from differences in environmental factors affecting microbial activity and growth, and topographical features controlling redistribution of water and matter flow patterns were correlated to the investigated soil microbial variables.     

Effect of topography on the changes of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains

Topography plays an important role in determining the glacier changes. However, topography has often been oversimplified in the studies of the glacier changes. No systematic studies have been conducted to evaluate the relationship between the glacier changes and topographic features. The present study provided a detailed insight into the changes in the two branches (east branch and west branch) of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains since 1993 and systematically discussed the effect of topography on the glacier parameters. This study analyzed comprehensive recently observed data (from 1992/1993 to 2018/2019), including mass balance, ice thickness, surface elevation, ice velocity, terminus, and area, and then determined the differences in the changes of the two branches and explored the effect of topography on the glacier changes. We also applied a topographic solar radiation model to analyze the influence of topography on the incoming shortwave radiation (SW_in) across the entire glacier, focusing on the difference in the SW_in between the two branches. The glacier mass balance of the east branch was more negative than that of the west branch from 1992/1993 to 2018/2019, and this was mainly attributed to the lower average altitude of the east branch. Compared with the west branch, the decrease rate of the ice velocity was lower in the east branch owing to its relatively increased slope. The narrow shape of the west branch and its southeast aspect in the earlier period resulted in a larger glacier terminus retreat of the west branch. The spatial variability of the SW_in across the glacier surface became much larger as altitude increased. The SW_in received by the east branch was slightly larger than that received by the west branch, and the northern aspect could receive more SW_in, leading to glacier melting. In the future, the difference of the glacier changes between the two branches will continue to exist due to their topographic differences. This work is fundamental to understanding how topographic features affect the glacier changes, and provides information for building different types of relationship between the glacier area and ice volume to promote further studies on the basin-scale glacier classification.     

A magnetic investigation along a NE–SW transect of the Yasouj Plain,southwestern Iran

The magnetic susceptibility (χ) of soils varies with the slope position due to some factors such as texture, drainage class, and land use. Limited information is available about the magnetic susceptibility properties of semi arid regions of southwestern Iran. This study attempts to link χ and Fe oxides of the soils to landforms, soil characteristics, and land use (paddy and dryland soils) on the same parent materials. Ten representative pedons were taken along a NE–SW transect in different physiographic units in the Yasouj Plain. The results indicated that χ is determined mainly by topography and land use. In most pedons, the highest concentrations of poorly crystalline Fe (Fe_o) were observed in the top soil with different types of land use. Aquic condition in paddy soils seems the main cause for a significant decrease in the amount of Fe_d in the studied soils. Maximum concentration of pedogenic Fe (Fe_d) was noticed in more stable landforms with non-aquic moisture regime. Paddy soils exhibited higher Fe_o/Fe_d ratio values, suggesting that they have more poorly crystalline iron oxide phases than dryland soils. Magnetic measurements showed that the χ values of paddy soils were much lower (3.8 times) than those of dryland soils. The highest value of χ was found in the pedons located on plateau and piedmont plains and the lowest value of χ belongs to those that are located on hill and river lower terraces. A positive correlation was found between the frequency dependence of χ (χ_fd) and χ in paddy and dryland soils. Higher values of χ_fd were observed at soil surface than at deeper levels, suggesting a greater proportion of ultrafine grains.     

A study on historical location and evolution of Lop Nor in China with maps and DEM

Lop Sea, located at the east end of the Tarim Basin, Northwest China, dried up permanently, which is the terminal lake of the Tarim River. Lop Sea was considered as the lake basin of Lop Nor since Quaternary. However, the possibility that Lop Nor was away from the Lop Sea in historical time is crucial to be discussed to interpret the proxy records in sediment profiles. To obtain a general view of the evolution of Lop Nor and Lop Sea in a historical period, several approaches were adopted in this paper. First, the Qianlong Thirteen-Row Atlas, an ancient imperial atlas of the Qing Dynasty, which was completed around 1760, indicated that the Tarim River formed a relatively large lake at its modern upstream region. Second, a Digital Elevation Model(DEM) with a 10-m spatial resolution and a relative precision of 0.42 m was derived from TanDEM-X/Terra SAR-X satellite image pairs using the interferometry method, which was verified using ICESat-GLAS laser footprints and a local DEM acquired by a drone. Finally, based on the spatial analysis of historical documents, expedition reports, sediment profiles and archaeological evidence, it can be deduced that the lacustrine deposition was discontinued in the Lop Sea. Six episodes in the evolutionary history of the drainage system in eastern Tarim Basin were summarized. The proved depositional condition variations could be used for future interpretation of proxy records in sediment. The high-accurate DEM provided a reference for the location of further fieldwork in the Lop Sea. The method proposed in this paper may be efficient for the research of inland lakes or rivers in global arid regions.     

不同因子对玛纳斯河流域农田土壤盐分的影响

选取玛纳斯河流域内玛纳斯灌区和莫索湾灌区为研究区．利用遥感影像和GPS定位技术布设土壤盐分采样点,研究分析土壤质地、作物类型及地形因子对农田土壤盐分的影响。结果表明,研究区农田表层土壤（0～20cm层、20～40cm层）的盐分含量大小为：粘壤土〉粉壤土〉砂壤土;不同作物种植条件下农田土壤盐分状况表现为：棉花地〉葡萄地〉玉米地;不同地形部位农田土壤盐分含量表现为：冲积洪积扇下部〉冲积洪积扇中部〉沙漠边缘〉冲积洪积扇上部,各地形部位农田土壤盐渍化程度均表现为轻度盐渍化;不同海拔农田土壤盐分状况表现为：400500m〉500～700m〉400m以下,土壤盐分含量随着海拔的升高呈先增加后降低的趋势。     

Utilizing GIS Technologies in Selection of Suitable Vineyard Sites

Abstract

Geographic information system (GIS) technologies and a weighted linear indexing model were used for suitability analysis of potential vineyard sites in Illinois. The model included a macroscale climate variables layer (40 points), a mesoscale climate variables layer (40 points), a soil properties layer (10 points) and a current land use variables layer (10 points) for a possible 100 points. Macroscale climate variables, growing degree day summation for a 33-year period (1969-2002) and occurrence of -26°C were interpolated using thin plate smoothing splines over the Illinois terrain using 100 m2 resolution digital elevation models (DEM). Using the same DEMs, absolute elevation, slope, and aspect were reclassified using surface analysis of the terrain to model the effects of mesoscale climate variables in Jackson and Union Counties in Illinois (study area). Locations in the study area above 259 m in absolute elevation (above sea level), with gently rolling slopes (5 to 10%), and facing North, East, or Northeast received the most points within the mesoscale climate layer. Soils that drained well or moderately well with moderate organic matter content (2 to 3%) received the most points in the soil properties layer. Lands that promoted ease of conversion to vineyards were assigned the most points in the current land use layer. The resulting four layers were arithmetically summed and suitability maps with 760 m2 resolution were developed. In the study area, over 18,155 hectares of land highly suitable or suitable for viticulture were identified. A portion of the existing orchard and vineyard acreage (223 ha) in the study area were surveyed with a global positioning system. Of the surveyed vineyard acreage, over 81% lies within the suitable or better ranking according to the model. Of the surveyed orchard acreage, over 50% lies within the suitable or better ranking.     

基于遥测雨量数据的地形对降水特性的影响研究

以浙江省东部的宁波市鄞州区为例,采用15 min间隔的遥测降水数据,根据最小事件间隔时间对降水事件进行划分,探讨了地形对降水特性的影响在时间和空间上变化的复杂性。结果表明,不同年份年降水总量及降水频次与高程的相关关系较为显著,山区降水次数的增多对其降水量的增大有一定影响。另一方面,降水强度及历时与高程的关系比较复杂,地形对各种天气条件控制下不同类型降水的影响并不一致。降水强度小于2 mm/h以及降水历时介于2～5 h的降水频次随高程增大存在增加的趋势,且不同年份的这种增长趋势较为接近;而其它高强度、短历时或长历时的降水频次与高程的关系则比较复杂,地形对这些类型降水的影响具有较大的随机性。     

基于GIS和改进型土地生态适宜性评价模型的茶叶适宜性综合评价

Tea(Camellia sinensis) is one of the most valuable cash crops in southern China;however,the planting distribution of tea crops is not optimal and the production and cultivation regions of tea crops are restricted by law and custom.In order to evaluate the suitability of tea crops in Zhejiang Province,the annual mean temperature,the annual accumulated temperature above 10 C,the frequency of extremely low temperature below 13 C,the mean humidity from April to October,slope,aspect,altitude,soil type,and soil texture were selected from climate,topography,and soil factors as factors for land ecological evaluation by the Delphi method based on the ecological characteristics of tea crops.These nine factors were quantitatively analyzed using a geographic information system(GIS).The grey relational analysis(GRA) was combined with the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluating the traditional land ecological suitability,and a modified land ecological suitability evaluation(LESE) model was built.Based on the land-use map of Zhejiang Province,the regions that were completely unsuitable for tea cultivation in the province were eliminated and then the spatial distribution of the ecological suitability of tea crops was generated using the modified LESE model and GIS.The results demonstrated that the highly,moderately,and non-suitable regions for the cultivation of tea crops in Zhejiang Province were 27 552.66,42 724.64,and 26 507.97 km 2,and accounted for 28.47%,44.14%,and 27.39% of the total evaluation area,respectively.Validation of the method showed a high degree of coincidence with the current planting distribution of tea crops in Zhejiang Province.The modified LESE model combined with GIS could be useful in quickly and accurately evaluating the land ecological suitability of tea crops,providing a scientific basis for the rational distribution of tea crops and acting as a reference to land policy makers and land use planners.