六盘山香水河小流域地形与植被类型对降雨径流系数的影响

基于GIS和SPSS支持下的数据分析,结合宁夏六盘山区香水河小流域2004—2005年6—10月的降雨、径流观测资料,对流域的坡向、海拔和植被对降雨径流的影响进行研究,结果表明：就不同植被类型来看,径流系数以人工林的最大,灌丛的次之,亚高山草甸的最小;就海拔而言,径流系数大小依次为低海拔（2060-2350 m）〉中海拔（2350-2640 m）〉高海拔（2640-2930 m）,随着海拔从低到高的变化,天然林的径流系数表现为从高到低再升高的变化趋势,而人工林和灌丛则表现为先增加后减小的变化趋势,亚高山草甸从中海拔至高海拔区呈增大趋势;从不同坡向来看,径流系数大小依次为南坡〉西坡〉北坡〉东坡。     

黑土小流域沟道分布遥感监测及主控因素研究

为了对典型黑土区小流域沟道分布进行遥感监测,并解析影响其发育的主控因素,选择黑龙江省海伦市光荣村为研究区,通过对遥感影像和地形图的目视解译判读和空间分析,量化汇水区面积、坡长等12个变量,结合对264条切沟与等高线分布关系的地貌学分析、统计分析和野外详查,解译地表径流和机耕道作用等6种情形,对典型黑土区小流域切沟发育主控因素进行探讨。结果表明,研究区林地面积大小不能直接控制切沟发育,林地内活跃沟长占活跃切沟总长的46.2%。小流域汇聚坡是切沟发育的典型地形,沟长占总长的68.1%,汇聚坡导致地表集中径流,沟长占总长的63.0%。汇水区面积和坡长是影响沟长的最主要因素,而小流域坡度是影响沟密度的显著因素。同时,切沟侵蚀多伴生于农田机耕道路一侧,机耕道旁沟长约占其总长的23.3%。研究表明,黑土区切沟侵蚀主要与机耕道促进地表径流的作用密切相关,侵蚀沟综合治理必须考虑小流域景观布局和山水林田湖草综合治理,应将农田机耕道路周边大型活跃切沟防控作为黑土区保护的重中之重。     

基于DEM的云南楚雄高原地貌特征研究

在GIS支持下,采用普通克里格法对云南楚雄高原的离散样点进行空间插值,得到了栅格化数据,借助于DEM模型及GIS的空间分析功能,对该地区进行地形分析,在此基础上得出研究区的高程、坡度专题图及坡度分布特征;坡向专题图及楚雄高原地貌坡向特征;地形起伏度专题图及楚雄高原的总体起伏度特征,为云南楚雄的经济及其它领域的发展提供依...     

Temporal and spatial dynamics of mineral levels of forage,soil and cattle blood serum in two semi-arid savannas of South Africa

In this study, we examined temporal and spatial dynamics of minerals of forage, soil and cattle serum in two savannas (valley and plain) of South Africa. The aims were to explore the relationships between ecosystem components, and plan communal grazing and fodder flow for sustainable livestock production. In each area, grazing sites near, at intermediate distance from (middle) and far from homesteads were selected. In the valley land, site interacted with season to influence local variations (P<0.05) of soil calcium and microelements. In the plain lands, local variations occurred for soil phosphorus and magnesium. At the large scale, most macro-minerals showed differences between the valley and plain lands. In the valley areas, forage calcium differed (P<0.05) locally in the dry season, whereas in the plain areas, potassium and phosphorus showed local variations (P<0.05) in the wet season. Seasonal variations of most forage elements were significant within each local site of both study areas. All forages were deficient in phosphorus and copper. Cattle serum from the valley area had low iron concentrations. The study concluded that biotic and abiotic factors may influence the distribution of soil and forage elements, but their effects may vary between the two areas. Rangeland improvement and supplementation strategies are suggested to sustain animal production.     

A model of arctic tundra vegetation derived from topographic gradients

We present a topographically-derived vegetation model (TVM) that predicts the landscape patterns of arctic vegetation types in the foothills of the Brooks Range in northern Alaska. In the Arctic there is a strong relationship between water and plant structure and function and TVM is based on the relationships between vegetation types and slope (tan ) and discharge (), two independent variables that can be easily derived from digital terrain data. Both slope and discharge relate to hydrological similarity within a landscape: slope determines the gravitational hydrological gradient and hence influences flow velocity, whereas discharge patterns are computed based on upslope area and quantify lateral flow amount. TVM was developed and parameterized based on vegetation data from a small 2.2 km² watershed and its application was tested in a larger 22km² region. For the watershed, TVM performed quite well, having a high spatial resolution and a goodness-of-fit ranging from 71–78&percnt;, depending on the functions used. For the larger region, the strength of the vegetation types predictions drops somewhat to between 56–59&percnt;. We discuss the various sources of error and limitations of the model for purposes of extrapolation.     

Spatial variability and change in soil organic carbon stocks in response to recovery following land abandonment and erosion in mountainous drylands

This research investigates the impact of human activities on carbon (C) dynamics in a mountainous and semi‐arid environment. Despite the low C status of drylands, soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest C pool in these systems and therefore may offer significant C sequestration potential in systems recovering from degradation. Nevertheless, quantification of this potential is limited by lack of knowledge concerning the magnitude of and controls on regional SOC stocks. Therefore, this study aimed to (i) investigate the variability of soil organic carbon in relation to recovery period and key soil and topographical variables, and (ii) quantify the effects of recovery period following abandonment on SOC stocks. Soil profiles were sampled in the Sierra de los Filabres (southeast Spain) in different land units along geomorphic and degradation gradients. SOC contents were modelled using recovery period and soil and topographical variables. Sample depth, topographic position, altitude, recovery period and stone content were identified as the main factors for predicting SOC concentrations. SOC stocks in 1 m depth of soil varied between 3.16 and 76.44 t/ha. Recovery period (years since abandonment), topographic position and altitude were used to predict and map SOC stocks in the top 0.2 m. The results show that C accumulates rapidly during the first 10–50 yr following abandonment; thereafter, the stocks evolve towards a steady‐state level. The erosion zones in the study area demonstrate greater potential to increase their SOC stocks when abandoned. Deposition zones have greater SOC values, although their C accumulation rate is lower compared with erosional landscapes in the first 10–50 yr following abandonment. Therefore, full understanding of the C sequestration potential of land use change in areas of complex topography requires knowledge of spatial variability in soil properties and in particular SOC.     

乌海市平沟煤矸石山小地形土壤养分分析

文章以乌海市平沟煤矸石山上平台和边坡两种不同小地形上的土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查取样和室内分析化验,研究煤矸石山两种小地形对土壤养分的恢复情况。结果表明,土壤有机质、全N、碱解N含量在两种不同小地形上表现为边坡>平台,土壤P素、K素含量表现为平台>边坡,总体而言,边坡上土壤养分恢复效果比平台好。平台和边坡上土壤养分含量在不同土层深度中均表现为:0~20 cm层>20~40 cm层。通过参考土壤养分分级与丰缺度标准,目前土壤养分丰缺度主要呈现出缺或极缺状态。     

黔中水利枢纽工程区植被覆盖变化及其对地形与地貌的响应

为了探究喀斯特山区重大水利枢纽工程区的植被覆盖变化及其与对地形地貌的响应,助力区域石漠化治理和大型调水工程的科学实施及可持续发展,以贵州省黔中水利枢纽为例,采用像元二分模型,选取MODIS-NDVI数据对研究区2001—2020年植被覆盖度进行计算,并以分级数据为基础,运用植被覆盖变化类型的提取模型和分布指数,探究了植被覆盖变化的分异特征及其对地形与地貌的响应。结果表明:(1)研究区的植被覆盖度以高和较高为主,20年来,植被覆盖面积持续上升,年均增长率为0.46%,植被覆盖情况总体较好;(2)植被覆盖变化以改善型和稳定型为主,28个区(县)中,白云区、观山湖区、修文县的植被退化面积超过了植被改善面积,有生态退化风险,需加强生态保护;(3)从地貌上看,非喀区植被覆盖改善比纯喀和亚喀区显著;(4)从地形上看,随着高程和坡度上升,植被覆盖退化型分布优势降低,稳定型占优; 从坡向变化看,平地植被覆盖退化显著,其余区域不明显。因此,黔中水利枢纽植被覆盖的优势范围和变化类型具有显著的空间分异特征。     

木材锯切表面粗糙度二维分析与三维分析对比

使用传统的二维轮廓测定方法,测量木材锯切表面粗糙度准确度不高。利用三维表面轮廓成像技术测定木材锯切表面粗糙度,可获得较为准确的检测值和更真实的锯切表面微观形貌。     

Relationship between Oil Palm Yield and Soil Fertility as Affected by Topography in an Indonesian Plantation

Abstract

Typically, Indonesian oil palm plantations rest on rolling topography. There is limited information on how topography affects soil fertility and oil palm yields. A study was conducted to evaluate these relationships in a commercial oil palm plantation located in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Two sites with differing past management history and fertility regimes were each partitioned into three topographic positions. At each topographic position, yields were recorded at 10‐day intervals over a period of 2 years. Leaf and soil samples were collected from corresponding points spaced at 36.4 m (x direction) and 8.7 m (y direction) using a systematic scheme. Leaf analysis was performed to quantify nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca), and soil analysis was carried out to determine pH, organic carbon (C), extractable P, exchangeable K, Mg, and Ca, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), and texture. The collected data were subjected to exploratory, univariate, and bivariate analyses, as well as analysis of variance. Empirical production functions based on measured variables were defined for each topographic position. Results showed that average yields at both study sites varied with topographic position. At site 1 (Sungai Pelepah Estate), the sideslope and the summit consistently gave higher yields than the toeslope. At site 2 (Sri Gunung Estate), a yield gradient was observed with the highest yield occurring at the toeslope and the lowest yield from the summit. Soil fertility varied across topographic positions at both sites. The measured leaf/soil variables showed varying levels of optimality/sufficiency across topographic positions. In most cases, leaf and soil variables showed comparable performance as yield predictors. Validation of the calibrated models showed reasonable accuracy for the toeslope of site 1 and all three positions at site 2.