Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Stubble Height on Dry Matter Yield,Crude Protein Content and Crude Protein Yield of a Sorghum–Sudangrass Hybrid[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.] in the Three‐Cutting System

In this study, the effects of nitrogen (N) rate (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha^?1 applied in three equal dressings at seeding and after the first and second cuttings) and stubble height (7, 14 and 21 cm) on the dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) content, and CP yield of a sorghum–sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf., cv. Pioneer 988] in the three‐cut system was investigated. The N rate had no significant effect in the first and third cuttings, but in the second cutting DM yields increased significantly with increase in N rate. The highest yield of 9.1 t ha^?1 was obtained with 80 kg N ha^?1 for the average of 2 years at the second cutting, but no significant difference was found among the 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha^?1 rates. CP content and yield were not significantly affected by N rate at the first and third cuttings, but CP content and yield were significantly affected by application of N at the second cutting. Stubble height had a significant effect on CP content at the third cutting. However, it had no significant effect on CP content at the first and second cuttings. Stubble height had a significant effect on the CP yield at the first cutting, but no significant effect on CP yield at the second and third cuttings.     

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha⁻¹ significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha⁻¹), N (75 kg ha⁻¹) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.     

Effect of Integration of Fertilizer and Green Manure Nitrogen on Yield Attributes, Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, India, during the wet seasons of 1992 and 1993 to study the effect of full and partial substitution of fertiliser N with green manure N (Sesbania rostrata) on nitrogen uptake, yield attributes and yield of rice. The experiment consisted of eight treatments with two levels of N (100 and 200 kg ha⁻¹) and three sources of N application viz., fertilizer, integrated (1:1 fertilizer and green manure N) and green manure N compared to the recommended practice (150 kg fertilizer plus 6.25 t ha⁻¹ (72 kg N) green manure) and a no N control. Nitrogen application markedly increased the N uptake. Combined use of the two N sources at 200 and 222 kg N ha⁻¹ and of single fertilizer N at 200 kg N ha⁻¹ recorded the maximum N uptake, increased the yield attributes such as number of panicles per unit area, weight per panicle, number of total and filled grains per panicle and test weight. At 200 kg N ha⁻¹ full substitution of N by green manure reduced the grain yield but only partial substitution of N by green manure resulted in almost similar yield as single fertilizer N. Thus 200 kg N ha⁻¹ applied in equal proportions of fertilizer and green manure N can be recommended for medium duration rice cultivars.     

Differences in Wheat Cultivar Response to N Supply. I: Differences in Grain Yield Formation

Two-year field trials with winter wheat cultivars Batis and Toronto were conducted in Southern Bavaria, Germany, to investigate the possible causes of cultivar differences in response to N supply varying in total amount and time of application. Cultivar-related differences in grain yields were observed in treatments with low and medium N supply. High doses of N supply resulted in grain yield adjustment or grain yield advantage for cv. Toronto. The results of this study revealed a consistent, genotypic pattern in response to N fertilization in spite of strong seasonal effects. Systematic modifications in canopy growth rates in response to N supply were of particular relevance and a main factor for differences in tillering intensity resulting in modified stand densities. In the present study, cultivar differences in spike development and interactions with N supply related more to abortion than to initiation processes for number of spikelets and number of flowers per spikelet. High grain density (grains per m²) of cv. Toronto was evident during reproduction stages even under conditions of medium N supply. However, decreased growth rates during the later part of grain filling in combination with low 1000 grain weight, which was barely modified by N fertilization, allowed only partial utilization of this potential. It is assumed that sink limitations were of particular relevance for grain yield development in cv. Toronto, while cv. Batis combined a less intense response to N supply with more stability in the development of grain yield components.     

宁南山区旱地紫花苜蓿土壤水分及产量动态研究

对宁南山区旱地紫花苜蓿土壤水分及产量动态进行了研究。结果表明,随苜蓿草龄的延长,土壤深层水分亏缺严重草地底层与中层对表层水分具有明显的补偿作用;伏秋降对水冬前土壤蓄水亦有重要作用;产量随草延长呈中间高两头低的态热,６－８年以后草地须及时更新。     

基于称量反馈的设施番茄灌溉系统的构建与应用

为提高设施番茄灌溉的精准性,该研究设计了一种基于称量反馈的灌溉系统,该系统包括称量反馈模块、多源信息采集传输模块、灌溉决策模块与水肥执行模块。称量反馈灌溉决策首先利用卫星定位模组获取灌溉地经纬度信息自动计算当天的日出时刻、日落时刻、日中时刻,结合椰糠条吸水特性与番茄植株日需水量变化规律,把1 d自动划分为4个不同的动态灌溉阶段;根据温室内温湿度信息及排液电导率（electrical conductivity,EC）值反馈的番茄植株根部信息,制定了一般模式灌溉肥液或洗盐模式灌溉清水（或低浓度营养液）。设计试验以基于辐射累积控制灌溉、定时灌溉作为对照,分别从栽培效果、灌溉效果、应用效益方面验证该灌溉系统的应用效果。结果显示使用该称量反馈灌溉系统比基于辐射累积控制灌溉系统灌溉量增加1.8%,用肥量减少7.3%,排液比降低7.9%,排液EC值降低9.3%;与定时灌溉方式相比灌溉量减少11.3%,用肥量减少20.0%,排液比降低17.9%,排液EC值降低4.9%。栽培效果显示,使用该称量反馈灌溉系统的椰糠条栽培番茄在茎粗、叶片叶绿素相对含量、糖度值、单穗质量和基于辐射累积的控制灌溉相比无显著性差异（P>0.05）,但株高增加4.8%;与定时灌溉相比在株高、茎粗、叶片叶绿素相对含量、糖度值、单穗质量均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。预计使用该称量反馈灌溉系统,园区15栋日光温室（1.22 hm²）相比基于辐射累积控制灌溉,应用效益月节约0.276万元,与定时灌溉方式相比,园区月节约2.247万元。该系统简化了番茄植株需水量的计算过程,实现了番茄栽培水分的精准感知与按需精量灌溉。     

不同整枝方式对贝贝南瓜生长、果实特性及产量的影响

为提高贝贝南瓜的种植水平和种植效益,筛选适宜的整枝方式,以不整枝栽培为对照,研究了单蔓、双蔓、三蔓整枝方式对贝贝南瓜的品质及产量的影响。结果表明：采用双蔓整枝、三蔓整枝方式比对照分别提早采收4、3 d,叶片浓绿,长势较好,病虫害发生较少,第1雌花节位低,分别在7.3、7.4节,坐果率分别为97.00%、95.83%,果型大小均匀,平均单果质量分别为0.40、0.38 kg。双蔓整枝方式667 m²产量可达2 502.06 kg,三蔓整枝方式次之,为2 467.5 kg,分别较对照显著提高58.2%、44.1%。生产中建议贝贝南瓜选择双蔓整枝方式为最佳,可促进南瓜早熟,提高坐果率,降低畸形果率,提高产量;三蔓枝可备选。     

灌浆初期高温胁迫对水稻籽粒活性氧积累及产量形成的影响

【目的】研究灌浆初期高温胁迫对水稻籽粒活性氧积累及产量形成的影响,为耐热水稻种质资源的筛选和鉴定提供理论依据。【方法】以长江中下游地区普遍推广种植的8个水稻品种为材料,在灌浆初期进行高温胁迫（38 ℃/32 ℃,昼/夜）,研究各水稻品种在灌浆初期高温胁迫下的ROS含量、抗氧化酶活性、淀粉合成相关酶活性、产量及其构成要素以及稻米品质的差异。【结果】与对照相比,灌浆初期高温胁迫导致水稻籽粒O^-₂·和H₂O₂含量及抗氧化酶活性显著增加。在不同水稻品种中,淀粉合成相关酶活性对灌浆初期高温胁迫的响应具有差异性。高温胁迫下,产量损失较大水稻品种的O^-₂·和H₂O₂含量增幅较大,淀粉合成酶活性受高温胁迫影响也较大。灌浆初期高温胁迫导致水稻结实率、千粒质量、收获指数和产量显著下降,其中黄华占和湘两优900的产量损失较小,在灌浆初期的耐热性较强;粤王丝苗、泰优390和湘两优2号的产量损失较大,在灌浆初期的耐热性弱。灌浆初期高温胁迫导致糙米率、精米率和淀粉含量显著下降,垩白粒率和垩白度增加。高温胁迫下,产量损失较大水稻品种的淀粉含量下降幅度较大,稻米品质受高温胁迫影响也较大。在高温胁迫下,水稻产量与ROS含量显著负相关,而与抗氧化酶活性显著正相关。产量、籽粒加工指标、淀粉含量和淀粉合成酶活性的抗逆系数与ROS含量的抗逆系数显著负相关,而与抗氧化酶活性的抗逆系数显著正相关。【结论】灌浆初期高温胁迫导致水稻籽粒ROS过量积累是降低淀粉合成酶活性和淀粉含量,进而导致产量和稻米外观加工品质下降的重要因素。ROS的增加量可作为灌浆初期水稻耐热性评价的参考指标。     

小麦新品种银春10号综合评价及应用前景

银春10号是白银市农业科学研究所通过种子卫星搭载,经太空诱变,多年选育而成的春小麦新品种,于2017年通过甘肃省农作物品种审定,2021年通过国家农作物品种审定。银春10号株型紧凑,穗层整齐,具有高产稳产,适应性广,产量构成三要素协调等特点,适宜在西北水地春麦区种植,有较广阔的推广应用前景。     

不同叶面肥对柑橘果实品质及产量的影响

探明不同种类叶面肥对柑橘果实品质及产量的影响,为柑橘提质增效提供理论依据。以柑橘品种“宫川”为试材,设置喷施清水（CK）、磷酸二氢钾（T1）、奇茵（T2）及欧甘（T3）4个处理,比较分析各处理对柑橘果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明,不同水溶肥对果实的单果重、纵径、横径及净重差异不显著。喷施叶面肥后,T1、T2、T3的可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量比CK有所增加,但差异不显著。T2的可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量最高,分别为9.39%、0.75%,显著高于CK,可溶性固形物含量比CK提高了14.93%,可滴定酸含量比CK提高了19.05%。T2、T3、T1处理的单株挂果数分别比CK高31.59%、16.28%、4.46%;T2、T3、T1处理的每公顷产量分别比CK高12.96%、6.57%、3.00%。结论：喷施叶面肥能提高柑橘果实品质和产量,T2的综合效果更好。