含多种营养元素的高分子缓释化肥制备及应用效果研究

【目的】研制制备简单、效果优良且含多种营养元素的缓释肥料。【方法】在前期开发的含氮磷钾生物降解高分子缓释肥PSRF的基础上引入硅酸钠,制备了含有氮、磷、钾和硅元素的高分子缓释硅肥(Si-PSRF)。通过FTIR、XRD、TG等表征手段结合番茄盆栽试验,研究了硅酸钠的引入对Si-PSRF的组成结构、元素缓释性能和番茄产量的影响。【结果】结构表征表明,Si-PSRF包含的硅酸凝胶和较多短链PSRF影响了肥料养分释放特性;番茄盆栽试验表明,与PSRF处理相比,Si-PSRF处理的氮、磷利用效率和番茄产量分别提升了185.65%、128.57%和24.01%。【结论】在PSRF中引入硅酸钠可提高番茄植株对营养元素的吸收利用率,提高番茄产量,适合在实际农业活动中作为肥料使用。     

基质深度及基质袋摆放方式对春季袋培番茄产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

为探究不同栽培深度基质和基质袋摆放对春季袋培番茄产量、品质、养分吸收和基质养分利用率的影响,以‘巴宝丽’番茄为试材,设置不同基质深度(7.5、10.5和13.5cm)及基质袋不同摆放方式(地面摆放和地面下沉20cm),共6个处理,测定了番茄的生长发育、产量、品质和养分吸收等指标。结果表明:栽培基质深度对产量、果实品质均有显著影响;基质袋摆放方式对产量影响不显著,但显著影响果实可溶性蛋白、番茄红素、硝酸盐和有机酸含量;基质深度和基质袋摆放方式对果实硝酸盐含量的影响有显著的交互作用。随着栽培基质深度的增加,产量显著提高,品质明显改善;基质深度13.5cm时,番茄单株产量最高,达3.83kg/株。基质袋摆放方式和基质深度对番茄开花期、初果期及盛果期P和K的累积吸收影响显著,基质深度对番茄开花期、初果期和盛果期N的吸收也有显著影响,基质深度和基质袋摆放方式对开花期和初果期番茄植株N、P和K的累积吸收存在显著的交互作用。基质内N、P和K养分利用率均是基质深度为13.5cm的处理最高,且不同基质袋摆放方式对基质养分利用率无显著影响。综上,为实现省工省力且高产优质载培,在实际生产中推荐将春季栽培番茄的基质深度设置为13.5cm(即基质供应量为9L/株)且地面摆放。     

番茄萼片形态性状遗传分析

【目的】探索番茄萼片形态性状的遗传规律,为番茄新品种选育过程中萼片形态性状选择提供依据。【方法】以萼片包被(TI1101-1,P_1)和萼片上卷番茄(J53,P_2)材料为亲本,构建4个世代P_1、P_2、F_1和F_2遗传群体,用游标卡尺对4个世代番茄萼片形态及其形态性状(萼片长度、宽度、厚度、面积、上翘度、卷曲度)进行测量和统计,从而对番茄萼片形态性状的遗传规律、中亲优势、遗传模型进行分析。【结果】番茄F_1代正反交萼片形态一致,均为基平,说明萼片形态的遗传属于细胞核遗传。在F_2代分离群体中,萼片形态包被、基平、上翘、上卷的分离比为1∶34.4∶9∶1.6,即不符合孟德尔遗传规律,属于数量性状。萼片长度、宽度、厚度、面积、上翘度、卷曲度的中亲优势率分别为3.55%,-6.77%,-9.90%,0.51%,-32.42%,-62.02%。同时,运用植物数量性状主基因+多基因遗传分析法对6个萼片形态性状测量值的分析得出:萼片长符合2对等加性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传模型(MX2-EAED-AD),萼片厚度、面积、卷曲度符合2对加性-主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传模型(MX2-ADI-AD),萼片宽度、上翘度符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型(MX2-ADI-ADI)。萼片长度、宽度、厚度、面积、上翘度、卷曲度的主基因遗传率为42.59%～77.15%,多基因遗传率为0%～39.89%。【结论】该组合6个番茄萼片形态性状均受2对主基因控制,且主基因遗传率大于多基因遗传率,以主基因遗传为主。     

冷热破碎工艺对小包装番茄酱贮藏期间非酶褐变的影响

为探究冷破碎工艺和热破碎工艺对番茄酱贮藏期间非酶褐变的影响,将制备的番茄酱在20℃和35℃条件下进行12个月的贮藏。通过对番茄酱的褐变指数、还原糖、番茄红素、5-HMF、VC含量、氨基酸态氮含量、可滴定酸含量和pH变化的测定以及相关性分析得出美拉德反应与VC氧化分解反应是导致番茄酱在贮藏期间发生非酶褐变的主要原因,番茄红素不是引起番茄酱色泽变化的主要原因,美拉德反应的主要产物是5-HMF。经过液相色谱分析,番茄酱中糖类主要由果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖组成,冷破、热破番茄酱中的三种糖类含量有差异。通过模拟体系,进一步确定了美拉德反应是导致番茄酱在贮藏期间发生非酶褐变的根本原因,且糖是5-HMF生成的必要条件,5-HMF的产生主要由果糖决定,VC氧化分解反应对5-HMF的生成贡献微弱。因冷破碎工艺温度较低,产品果糖含量较多,更容易褐变,所以冷破番茄酱的贮藏环境应尽可能的保证低温。     

Tomato brown rugose fruit disease: current distribution,knowledge and future prospects

Tomato is the most economically important fruit/vegetable crop grown worldwide. However, viral diseases remain an important factor limiting its productivity, with estimated quantitative and qualitative yield losses in tomato crops often reaching up to 100%. Many viruses infecting tomato have been reported, while new viral diseases have also emerged. The climatic changes the world is experiencing can be a contributing factor to the successful spread of newly emerging viruses, as well as the establishment of disease in areas that were previously either unfavourable or where the disease was absent. Because antiviral products are not available, strategies to mitigate viral diseases rely on genetic resistance/tolerance to infection, control of vectors, improvement in crop hygiene, roguing of infected plants and seed certification. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging viral threat to tomato productivity and is currently spreading into new areas, which is of great concern to the growing global production in the absence of mitigation measures. This review presents the current knowledge about ToBRFV and future prospects for an improved understanding of the virus, which will be needed to support effective control and mitigation of the impact it is likely to cause.     

设施番茄灰霉病气象指标及其生态防治措施

设施番茄灰霉病是由气象因子影响的一种重危害、高损失的真菌性病害。通过多年的观测调查发现：当连续10日及以上设施内日平均气温≥14.8℃、相对湿度≥90%、出现连阴或者连续多云寡照天气时,番茄就会出现灰霉病。番茄灰霉病不仅会导致番茄果实腐烂落果,造成减产甚至绝产,还会影响番茄品质。结合病虫害防治调查及农业气象试验,提出了选用抗病毒品种、改善设施内气象条件等减少番茄灰霉病发生的生态防控措施。     

添加剂对番茄茎秆好氧堆肥发酵过程及氮素损失的影响

为研究减少在番茄茎秆好氧堆肥过程中氮素损失的途径,提高堆肥品质,以粉碎的番茄茎秆为原料,按物料干重分别加入5%的腐殖酸(T1)、氯化钙(T2)和过磷酸钙(T3),同时以不进行任何添加的堆体作为对照(CK),进行45 d的好氧堆肥试验。结果表明：3种添加剂均可降低堆肥过程中的氮素损失,同时减少了NH₃的挥发量;堆肥结束时,CK、T1、T2和T3处理的氮素损失率分别为18.04%、15.00%、12.65%和14.05%,累计NH₃挥发量为CK(1 648.11 mg/kg)>T1(1 330.35 mg/kg)>T3(995.35 mg/kg)>T2(528.11 mg/kg)。其中,添加氯化钙的处理保氮效果最好,与对照相比,氮素损失率低至12.65%,NH₃挥发量减少67.96%;各处理高温期均≥3 d,发芽指数≥80%,表明堆体已经腐熟,无植物毒性。综上,番茄茎秆好氧堆肥中添加氯化钙,对于减少堆肥过程中的氮素损失较为理想。本研究可为番茄茎秆好氧堆肥保氮工艺优化提供理论依据。     

Resistance of 57 greenhouse-grown accessions of Lycopersicon esculentum and three cultivars to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The aim of this study was to evaluate resistance to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) by antixenosis on 57 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. accessions from the Horticultural Germplasm Bank (HGB) of Universidade Federal de Viçosa and by the three commercial cultivars (Santa Clara, Moneymaker and TOM-601) under greenhouse conditions. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications. Infestations with T. absoluta adults were performed weekly and the following characteristics were evaluated: number of small, large and total mines/leaf and % of leaves mined at days 60, 75 and 90 after planting. Low infestation occurred at days 60 and 75 but at day 90, infestation was sufficient to evaluate insect damage. Based on these data it was concluded that only accessions HGB-674 and HGB-1497 appeared to be the most promising. In addition, to determine possible chemical causes of resistance, hexane extracts were analyzed at day 90 by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the major peaks identified by a mass spectral database using similarity index. Nine hydrocarbons, viz., hexadecane, heptadecane, eicosane, tricosane, 2-methyltricosane, tetracosane, hexacosane, octacosane and triacontane were identified in the hexane extracts in many samples. Tricosane, tetracosane and hexacosane presented significant correlations with the leaves mined. Only tricosane presented a negative correlation with the number of small mines (r = −0.28), total number of mines (r = −0.27) and % of leaves mined (r = −0.22). However, tetracosane and hexacosane presented significant positive correlations (r = 0.25 and 0.24, respectively) with the % of leaves mined.     

A SCAR marker linked to the N gene for resistance to root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important nematode pests and cause serious diseases in pepper in the world. No molecular markers linked to the nematodes resistance N gene have been reported. In this paper, ‘Carolina Wonder’ (Capsicum annuum L.), a sweet pepper line resistant to root-knot nematode with N gene, ‘20080-5-29’ (C. annuum L.), an inbred line susceptible to root-knot nematode with good horticultural characteristics, and their F₂ progeny with 320 individuals were used as materials. Evaluation of resistance and susceptibility of parental lines, F₁ and F₂ progeny inoculated with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) were carried out. ‘Bulked segregant analysis’ method was used to search for polymorphic markers from 512 pairs of AFLP primers. Based on the assessment of resistance and susceptibility and polymorphism of the AFLP marker in F₂ population, the genetic linkage distance between the AFLP marker and the N gene was estimated. One AFLP marker E39/M41-339 was obtained and transferred to a SCAR marker amplifying a 315 bp DNA fragment linked to the N resistant allele and a 331 bp fragment linked to the N⁺ susceptible allele. The distance between the molecular marker and the nematodes resistance N gene is 6.3 cM. This research delivered a valuable tool for the marker assisted selection of nematodes resistance in pepper.     

氮磷不同配比施肥对加工番茄生长及产量的影响

配方施肥明显改善了加工番茄的生长,增加了植株分枝数、单株坐果数和单果重,对提高加工番茄的产量有显著效果;过多的氮肥投入反而影响番茄的产量.结果表明:N:P2O5=1:1,投肥总量为施纯N 1.073～1.38 kg/hm2,P2O50.981～1.38 kg/hm2,产量和效益最佳.